Who was Queen Idia?
First iyoba (queen mother) of Benin; political advisor to her son, Oba Esigie; used spiritual power in warfare.
Who was Queen Njinga?
Queen of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization for 30 years through guerilla warfare; engaged in diplomacy.
Define extended kinship ties.
Super-sized family including those related by blood or marriage, forming the glue of early West and Central African societies.
Define 'iyoba'.
The title for queen mother in the Kingdom of Benin.
Compare Idia's and Njinga's leadership.
Idia: Spiritual power, medicinal knowledge. Njinga: Guerilla warfare, political alliances.
