What are the steps of ionic bond formation?
1: One atom loses electrons (becomes positive). 2: Another atom gains electrons (becomes negative). 3: Electrostatic attraction holds the ions together.
Describe the process of dehydration synthesis.
1: One monomer provides an OH-. 2: Another monomer provides H+. 3: H2O is formed and removed. 4: A covalent bond forms between the monomers.
Describe the process of hydrolysis.
1: Water (H2O) is added. 2: Water is split into H+ and OH-. 3: H+ and OH- break the bond between monomers.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond where electrons are shared between atoms.
Define electronegativity.
An atom's pull on electrons in a bond.
What is an ionic bond?
A bond where electrons are transferred, creating ions with opposite charges that attract.
Define metallic bond.
Attraction between metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalized electrons.
What is a polymer?
Large molecule made of many repeating smaller units (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
What is a monomer?
Small building block molecules that combine to form a polymer.
Define nonpolar covalent bond.
Electrons are shared equally, resulting in no partial charges.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared unequally, creating partial positive (ฮด+) and partial negative (ฮด-) charges.
Define intramolecular bond.
Bonds that hold atoms together *within* a molecule.
What is an intermolecular bond?
Weak attractions *between* molecules.
Define dehydration synthesis.
Monomers combine to form polymers by removing water (H2O).
What is hydrolysis?
Polymers are broken down into monomers by adding water (H2O).
What happens when there is a large difference in electronegativity between two atoms?
A polar covalent bond forms, creating partial positive and negative charges.
What is the effect of removing water during dehydration synthesis?
Monomers combine to form a polymer.
What is the effect of adding water during hydrolysis?
Polymers are broken down into monomers.
What causes nonpolar covalent bonds?
Small electronegativity differences between atoms
