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What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?
Uses ATP and NADPH to convert $CO_2$ into sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast.
What are the steps of glycolysis?
Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH (occurs in the cytosol).
What are the steps of the Krebs cycle?
Further oxidizes pyruvate, producing $CO_2$, ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$ (occurs in the mitochondria).
What is the role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
Transfers electrons, creating a proton gradient across the mitochondrial/chloroplast membrane.
What are the steps of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reactions: Capture light energy and convert it into ATP and NADPH. 2. Calvin cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to convert $CO_2$ into sugars.
What is the role of ATP synthase?
Uses the proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
The enzyme loses its shape and function.
What happens when substrate concentration is too low?
The reaction rate slows down.
What happens when substrate concentration is too high?
Enzyme active sites become saturated, reaction rate plateaus.
What happens when energy input drops below energy loss in a system?
The system dies.
What is the effect of a proton gradient across a membrane?
It drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
What happens when a competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme?
It blocks the substrate from binding to the active site.
What happens when a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme?
It changes the enzyme's shape, reducing its activity.
What are the differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?
Competitive: Bind to the active site, blocking the substrate. | Noncompetitive: Bind to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape.
What are the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation?
Cellular respiration: Aerobic, produces more ATP. | Fermentation: Anaerobic, produces less ATP.
What are the key differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: Light energy to chemical energy, occurs in chloroplasts. | Cellular respiration: Chemical energy to ATP, occurs in mitochondria.
What are the differences between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Photophosphorylation: ATP synthesis in photosynthesis. | Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthesis in cellular respiration.
What are the differences between Photosystem I and Photosystem II?
Both are embedded in chloroplast membranes and absorb light. They boost electrons to higher energy levels, but differ in the wavelengths of light they absorb and their specific roles in the electron transport chain.