Describe the effect of increasing temperature on enzyme activity.
Initially increases reaction rate due to more collisions, but beyond the optimal temperature, the enzyme denatures and activity decreases.
Describe the effect of pH on enzyme activity.
Each enzyme has an optimal pH. Deviations from this pH can disrupt the enzyme's 3D shape and decrease activity.
Explain how a competitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity.
It binds to the active site, blocking the substrate and reducing the rate of the reaction. Increasing substrate concentration can overcome this inhibition.
Explain how a noncompetitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity.
It binds to an allosteric site, changing the shape of the enzyme and active site, preventing substrate binding and reducing the reaction rate. Increasing substrate concentration will not overcome this inhibition.
Outline the process of enzyme denaturation.
Exposure to extreme temperature or pH causes bonds in the enzyme to break, leading to a loss of 3D structure and function.
Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
Competitive: Binds to active site, substrate can't bind, inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Noncompetitive: Binds to allosteric site, changes enzyme shape, substrate can't bind, inhibition cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
Differentiate between denaturation and inhibition of an enzyme.
Denaturation: Changes the protein's structure, often irreversible. Inhibition: Affects enzyme activity, but does not always change the protein's structure permanently.
What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity (assuming enzyme concentration is constant)?
The reaction rate increases until all enzyme active sites are saturated, at which point the rate plateaus.
What is the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on reaction rate (assuming substrate is abundant)?
The reaction rate increases, as there are more active sites available to bind with the substrate.
What is the effect of a significant pH change on enzyme structure and function?
It can disrupt hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions, leading to denaturation and loss of function.
What is the effect of exceeding the optimal temperature for an enzyme?
The enzyme denatures, losing its 3D shape and active site, which stops the reaction.
