What happens if energy input does not exceed energy loss in an organism?
The organism cannot maintain its ordered state, leading to death.
What is the effect of increased light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
Increased light intensity generally leads to a higher rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.
What is the effect of inhibiting an enzyme in a metabolic pathway?
The reaction catalyzed by that enzyme will be slowed down or stopped, potentially disrupting the entire pathway.
What is the effect of the accumulation of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation occurs, regenerating $NAD^+$ to allow glycolysis to continue, but producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.
What happens if the electron transport chain is inhibited?
ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation will be significantly reduced or halted.
What are the main steps of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. 2. Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy. 3. Electron Transport Chain: Energy is used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the main steps of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reactions: Light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH. 2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): $CO_2$ is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Outline the process of glycolysis.
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Outline the process of the citric acid cycle.
Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.
Outline the process of the electron transport chain.
Energy from NADH and $FADH_2$ is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
What is ATP?
The most basic form of cellular energy.
Define entropy.
A measure of disorder in a system; entropy always increases in a closed system according to the second law of thermodynamics.
What is cellular respiration?
The process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
What is photosynthesis?
The process that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Define metabolic pathway.
A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert molecules through chemical reactions.
