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What are the three main ways meiosis creates genetic variation?
Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.
Briefly outline the Law of Segregation.
During gamete formation, allele pairs separate so each gamete only gets one allele.
Describe the process of crossing over.
Homologous chromosomes exchange bits of DNA during meiosis, creating new combinations of genes.
What happens during independent assortment?
Chromosomes line up randomly during meiosis, mixing up maternal and paternal chromosomes.
What occurs during random fertilization?
The chance union of any sperm and egg further increases genetic variation.
What is heredity?
The passing of genes from parents to offspring.
Define meiosis.
A special type of cell division that creates gametes (sperm and egg cells).
What is a gamete?
A haploid sex cell (sperm or egg).
Define diploid.
Having two sets of chromosomes.
What is a phenotype?
The physical traits of an organism.
Define genotype.
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What are the key differences between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis: Two rounds of cell division, creates 4 genetically unique haploid cells. Mitosis: One round of cell division, creates 2 identical diploid cells.
Differentiate between incomplete dominance and co-dominance.
Incomplete dominance: Neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype. Co-dominance: Both alleles are expressed equally.
Compare dominant and recessive alleles.
Dominant allele: Expresses its trait in a heterozygote. Recessive allele: Masked by the dominant allele in a heterozygote.
Contrast haploid and diploid cells.
Haploid: Contains one set of chromosomes (n). Diploid: Contains two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Compare genotype and phenotype.
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism. Phenotype: Physical traits of an organism resulting from the genotype and environmental factors.