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What is the effect of crossing over during prophase I?
Increases genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome.
What is the effect of independent assortment during metaphase I and II?
Increases genetic diversity by creating different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.
What is the effect of random fertilization?
Increases genetic diversity by allowing any sperm to fertilize any egg, creating a unique combination of genes.
What is the effect of nondisjunction during meiosis?
Results in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, potentially leading to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome.
What is the definition of Meiosis?
Cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells from one diploid cell; reduces chromosome number by half.
What is the definition of Crossing Over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
What is the definition of Independent Assortment?
Random alignment and separation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I and II of meiosis, leading to different combinations of chromosomes in gametes.
What is the definition of Random Fertilization?
The random union of any sperm with any egg during fertilization, increasing genetic variation.
What is the definition of Nondisjunction?
Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
What is the definition of Trisomy?
Having an extra copy of a chromosome (n+1).
What is the definition of Monosomy?
Missing a copy of a chromosome (n-1).
What are the key differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate | Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate
What are the key differences between Trisomy and Monosomy?
Trisomy: Presence of an extra chromosome (2n+1) | Monosomy: Absence of one chromosome (2n-1)