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Sum Limit Law Formula

lim⁡x→c[f(x)+g(x)]=lim⁡x→cf(x)+lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} [f(x) + g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) + \lim_{x \to c} g(x)limx→c​[f(x)+g(x)]=limx→c​f(x)+limx→c​g(x)

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Sum Limit Law Formula

lim⁡x→c[f(x)+g(x)]=lim⁡x→cf(x)+lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} [f(x) + g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) + \lim_{x \to c} g(x)limx→c​[f(x)+g(x)]=limx→c​f(x)+limx→c​g(x)

Difference Limit Law Formula

lim⁡x→c[f(x)−g(x)]=lim⁡x→cf(x)−lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} [f(x) - g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) - \lim_{x \to c} g(x)limx→c​[f(x)−g(x)]=limx→c​f(x)−limx→c​g(x)

Product Limit Law Formula

lim⁡x→c[f(x)⋅g(x)]=lim⁡x→cf(x)⋅lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} [f(x) \cdot g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) \cdot \lim_{x \to c} g(x)limx→c​[f(x)⋅g(x)]=limx→c​f(x)⋅limx→c​g(x)

Quotient Limit Law Formula

lim⁡x→cf(x)g(x)=lim⁡x→cf(x)lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{\lim_{x \to c} f(x)}{\lim_{x \to c} g(x)}limx→c​g(x)f(x)​=limx→c​g(x)limx→c​f(x)​, provided lim⁡x→cg(x)≠0\lim_{x \to c} g(x) \neq 0limx→c​g(x)=0

L'Hôpital's Rule Formula

If lim⁡x→cf(x)=0\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = 0limx→c​f(x)=0 and lim⁡x→cg(x)=0\lim_{x \to c} g(x) = 0limx→c​g(x)=0, then lim⁡x→cf(x)g(x)=lim⁡x→cf′(x)g′(x)\lim_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to c} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}limx→c​g(x)f(x)​=limx→c​g′(x)f′(x)​

Constant Multiple Limit Law

lim⁡x→c[k⋅f(x)]=k⋅lim⁡x→cf(x)\lim_{x \to c} [k \cdot f(x)] = k \cdot \lim_{x \to c} f(x)limx→c​[k⋅f(x)]=k⋅limx→c​f(x)

Power Limit Law

lim⁡x→c[f(x)]n=[lim⁡x→cf(x)]n\lim_{x \to c} [f(x)]^n = [\lim_{x \to c} f(x)]^nlimx→c​[f(x)]n=[limx→c​f(x)]n

Limit of a Constant

lim⁡x→ck=k\lim_{x \to c} k = klimx→c​k=k

Limit of x

lim⁡x→cx=c\lim_{x \to c} x = climx→c​x=c

Squeeze Theorem Formula

If f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x)f(x) \leq g(x) \leq h(x)f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x) for all x near c, and lim⁡x→cf(x)=L=lim⁡x→ch(x)\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = L = \lim_{x \to c} h(x)limx→c​f(x)=L=limx→c​h(x), then lim⁡x→cg(x)=L\lim_{x \to c} g(x) = Llimx→c​g(x)=L.

What does the Squeeze Theorem state?

If f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x)f(x) \le g(x) \le h(x)f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x) for all x near a, and lim⁡x→af(x)=lim⁡x→ah(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = \lim_{x \to a} h(x) = Llimx→a​f(x)=limx→a​h(x)=L, then lim⁡x→ag(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} g(x) = Llimx→a​g(x)=L.

What does the Intermediate Value Theorem state?

If f is continuous on [a, b], then for any value N between f(a) and f(b), there exists a c in (a, b) such that f(c) = N.

What does the Extreme Value Theorem state?

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has both a maximum and a minimum value on that interval.

What does L'Hôpital's Rule state?

If lim⁡x→cf(x)=0\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = 0limx→c​f(x)=0 and lim⁡x→cg(x)=0\lim_{x \to c} g(x) = 0limx→c​g(x)=0 (or both approach infinity), and if f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) and g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) exist, then lim⁡x→cf(x)g(x)=lim⁡x→cf′(x)g′(x)\lim_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to c} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}limx→c​g(x)f(x)​=limx→c​g′(x)f′(x)​.

How can the Squeeze Theorem be used to find limits?

If you can bound a function between two other functions that have the same limit, then the function in the middle must also have the same limit.

How is the Intermediate Value Theorem used?

To show that a continuous function takes on a specific value within a given interval.

How is the Extreme Value Theorem used?

To guarantee the existence of maximum and minimum values for a continuous function on a closed interval.

When can L'Hopital's Rule be applied?

When evaluating limits that result in indeterminate forms such as 0/0 or ∞/∞.

What is the Constant Multiple Rule for Limits?

The limit of a constant times a function is the constant times the limit of the function: lim⁡x→c[k⋅f(x)]=k⋅lim⁡x→cf(x)\lim_{x \to c} [k \cdot f(x)] = k \cdot \lim_{x \to c} f(x)limx→c​[k⋅f(x)]=k⋅limx→c​f(x)

What is the Sum/Difference Rule for Limits?

The limit of a sum (or difference) is the sum (or difference) of the limits: lim⁡x→c[f(x)±g(x)]=lim⁡x→cf(x)±lim⁡x→cg(x)\lim_{x \to c} [f(x) \pm g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) \pm \lim_{x \to c} g(x)limx→c​[f(x)±g(x)]=limx→c​f(x)±limx→c​g(x)

How to find lim⁡x→af(x)\lim_{x \to a} f(x)limx→a​f(x) given a graph of f(x)f(x)f(x)?

  1. Locate 'a' on the x-axis. 2. Follow the graph as x approaches 'a' from both sides. 3. Identify the y-value that the graph approaches. 4. That y-value is the limit.

How to find lim⁡x→af(x)\lim_{x \to a} f(x)limx→a​f(x) given a table of values?

  1. Look at x-values approaching 'a' from both sides. 2. Observe the corresponding y-values. 3. If y-values approach the same number, that's the limit.

How to evaluate lim⁡x→af(x)g(x)\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}limx→a​g(x)f(x)​ if direct substitution yields 0/0?

  1. Try to factor and simplify the expression. 2. If simplification doesn't work, consider L'Hôpital's Rule. 3. Take the derivative of the numerator and denominator. 4. Evaluate the limit again.

How to evaluate lim⁡x→af(x)g(x)\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}limx→a​g(x)f(x)​ if f(x)f(x)f(x) contains a radical?

  1. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the expression containing the radical. 2. Simplify the expression. 3. Evaluate the limit.

How to find lim⁡x→∞P(x)Q(x)\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}limx→∞​Q(x)P(x)​ where P and Q are polynomials?

  1. Divide both numerator and denominator by the highest power of x in the denominator. 2. Evaluate the limit as x approaches infinity. Terms like 1/x approach 0.

How to determine if a limit exists at a point?

  1. Find the limit from the left. 2. Find the limit from the right. 3. If the left-hand limit equals the right-hand limit, the limit exists and is equal to that value.

How to use the Squeeze Theorem to find a limit?

  1. Find two functions, f(x) and h(x), such that f(x) <= g(x) <= h(x). 2. Find the limits of f(x) and h(x) as x approaches a. 3. If both limits are equal to L, then the limit of g(x) as x approaches a is also L.

How to find the limit of a composite function lim⁡x→af(g(x))\lim_{x \to a} f(g(x))limx→a​f(g(x))?

  1. Find lim⁡x→ag(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} g(x) = Llimx→a​g(x)=L. 2. Find lim⁡x→Lf(x)\lim_{x \to L} f(x)limx→L​f(x). 3. If this limit exists, it is the limit of the composite function.

How to deal with piecewise functions when finding limits?

  1. Determine which piece of the function applies as x approaches the target value. 2. Evaluate the limit using that piece of the function. 3. If the target value is the boundary, check both left and right limits.

How to choose between algebraic manipulation and direct substitution?

  1. First, try direct substitution. 2. If direct substitution results in an indeterminate form, then use algebraic manipulation techniques.