What are the differences between sigma ($\sigma$) and pi ($\pi$) bonds?
Sigma: end-to-end overlap, stronger, single bonds | Pi: side-by-side overlap, weaker, double/triple bonds
Compare and contrast electron domain geometry and molecular shape.
Electron domain geometry: Arrangement of all electron domains. Molecular shape: Arrangement of only the atoms.
What effect do lone pairs have on bond angles?
Lone pairs exert a greater repulsive force than bonding pairs, decreasing bond angles.
What is the effect of higher bond order on bond length and bond energy?
Higher bond order leads to shorter bond length and higher bond energy.
Define VSEPR theory.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory predicts molecular shapes by minimizing electron repulsion around a central atom.
What are electron domains?
Regions around the central atom where electrons are found, including bonding pairs (single, double, or triple bonds) and lone pairs.
Define molecular geometry.
The 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
What are lone pairs?
Non-bonding pairs of electrons that exert a greater repulsive force than bonding pairs, affecting bond angles.
Define hybridization.
The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals for bonding.
What is a sigma ($\sigma$) bond?
A bond formed by end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals with electron density concentrated along the internuclear axis.
What is a pi ($\pi$) bond?
A bond formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals with electron density concentrated above and below the internuclear axis.
