Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
A proton (H⁺) donor.
Define a Brønsted-Lowry base.
A proton (H⁺) acceptor.
What is a conjugate acid?
The species formed when a base accepts a proton (H⁺).
What is a conjugate base?
The species formed when an acid donates a proton (H⁺).
Define an amphiprotic substance.
A substance that can act as both an acid and a base.
Define neutralization reaction.
The reaction between an acid and a base, forming a salt and water.
Define net ionic equation.
An equation showing only the species that participate in a reaction; spectator ions are omitted.
What are the steps to determine the net ionic equation?
1. Write the balanced molecular equation. 2. Dissociate all strong electrolytes (strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds) into ions. 3. Identify and cancel out spectator ions. 4. Write the net ionic equation with only the species that participate in the reaction.
Steps to calculating ion concentrations after neutralization?
1. Calculate moles of each reactant. 2. Identify the limiting reactant. 3. Determine moles of excess reactant (if any). 4. Calculate the concentration of each ion in the final solution, considering the total volume.
What is the effect of mixing a strong acid with a strong base?
Neutralization occurs, producing a salt and water, and the pH moves towards neutral (pH 7).
What happens if a limiting reactant is present in a neutralization reaction?
The reaction proceeds until the limiting reactant is completely consumed, determining the amount of product formed and the final concentrations of ions in solution.
