Hess’s Law

This study guide covers thermodynamics, focusing on state functions and Hess's Law. It defines pathway dependence/independence, lists examples of state functions (Energy, Enthalpy, Pressure, Volume, Temperature), and explains how to apply Hess's Law rules (reversing, multiplying, adding reactions) to calculate enthalpy changes. Example problems demonstrate Hess's Law application and manipulating thermochemical equations. Finally, it provides practice questions (multiple-choice and free-response) and exam tips for AP Chemistry.