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All Flashcards
What is Empirical Data?
Factual evidence gathered through observation or experimentation.
What is Normative Data?
Conceptualized data based on norms or opinions; the 'what should be'.
What is Quantitative Analysis?
Analyzing a large number of cases using statistical techniques.
What is Qualitative Analysis?
Analyzing a small number of cases with detailed, subjective analysis.
What is Correlation?
An association between two or more variables.
What is Causation?
A cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
A UN index measuring average achievement in schooling, life expectancy, and income.
What is the Gini Index?
Measures income inequality within a country.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
The market value of goods and services produced within a country.
What does Freedom House measure?
Levels of 'freedom' worldwide, considering political rights, press freedom, and rule of law.
What does Transparency International do?
Fights corruption and promotes accountability.
What is the Failed States Index (FSI)?
Ranks countries based on social, economic, and political stability.
What is the difference between empirical and normative data?
Empirical: Factual evidence. Normative: Based on opinions/norms.
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation: Association between variables. Causation: Cause-and-effect relationship.
Compare quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Quantitative: Large number of cases, statistical. Qualitative: Small number of cases, detailed.
Compare the age structure of China to Nigeria.
Nigeria: Younger population. China: Older population.
What was the effect of China's one-child policy?
Cause: One-child policy. Effect: Limited number of children per family.
What is one economic consequence of Nigeria's age structure?
Cause: Large youth population. Effect: High unemployment.
What is one economic consequence of China's age structure?
Cause: Large workforce. Effect: Potential economic growth.
What is a political consequence of a disproportionately younger population?
Cause: Large young population. Effect: Underrepresentation in government.
What is a social consequence of high income inequality?
Cause: High income inequality. Effect: Increased crime rates or social unrest.
What is a political consequence of high income inequality?
Cause: High income inequality. Effect: Political instability or increased polarization.