What are the differences between coinciding and cross-cutting cleavages?
Coinciding: Same groups on opposite sides, high conflict. Cross-Cutting: Divisions split society, lower conflict.
What are the differences between separatists and autonomy-seeking groups?
Separatists: Want to break away. Autonomy-seeking: Want more self-governance within the state.
What are the differences between social and political cleavages?
Social: Internal societal divisions. Political: Politicized social divisions impacting political behavior.
What are the differences between coinciding and cross-cutting cleavages in terms of societal stability?
Coinciding: Can destabilize society due to reinforced divisions. Cross-cutting: Promotes stability by creating diverse alliances.
What are the differences between ethnic and religious cleavages?
Ethnic: Based on shared cultural heritage and identity. Religious: Based on differing religious beliefs and practices.
What are the differences between class-based and regional cleavages?
Class-based: Divisions based on economic status and social class. Regional: Divisions based on geographic location and interests.
What are the differences between separatist and autonomy-seeking movements in terms of their goals?
Separatist: Aims for complete independence and establishment of a new state. Autonomy-seeking: Seeks greater self-governance within the existing state.
What are the differences between government responses to separatist and autonomy-seeking demands?
Separatist: Often met with resistance and suppression. Autonomy-seeking: May be accommodated through decentralization or power-sharing agreements.
What are the differences between the impacts of coinciding and cross-cutting cleavages on political polarization?
Coinciding: Can exacerbate political polarization by reinforcing group identities. Cross-cutting: Can mitigate polarization by creating overlapping interests and alliances.
What are the differences between the effects of ethnic cleavages in diverse and homogenous societies?
Diverse: Can lead to conflict and instability if not managed well. Homogenous: May result in discrimination and marginalization of minority groups.
What are cleavages?
Internal divisions within a society based on class, ethnicity, religion, and territory.
What are coinciding cleavages?
When the same groups are always on opposite sides of every issue, potentially leading to conflict.
What are cross-cutting cleavages?
Divisions that split society into many groups that may disagree on one thing but agree on another, often reducing conflict.
Define social cleavage.
Internal divisions within a society based on various factors.
Define political cleavage.
Social divisions that have become politicized, impacting political culture and behavior.
What are separatists?
Groups that want to break away from the larger state.
What are autonomy-seeking groups?
Groups that want more self-governance, ranging from more representation to separate governing bodies.
Define ethnic cleavage.
Divisions based on ethnicity, potentially leading to tension if a group feels unrecognized or disrespected.
What is a social cleavage?
Internal divisions within a society, such as class, ethnicity, or religion.
What is a political cleavage?
When social cleavages become politicized and affect political behavior and values.
Cause and effect: politicization of social cleavages.
Cause: Social divisions. Effect: Impacts political culture, behavior, tensions, and conflicts.
Cause and effect: ethnic cleavages.
Cause: Divisions based on ethnicity. Effect: Tension if a group feels unrecognized or disrespected.
Cause and effect: coinciding cleavages.
Cause: Alignment of different social divisions. Effect: Increased potential for social and political conflict.
Cause and effect: cross-cutting cleavages.
Cause: Overlapping and diverse social divisions. Effect: Reduced potential for conflict and increased social cohesion.
Cause and effect: separatist movements.
Cause: Unresolved ethnic or regional grievances. Effect: Political instability and potential for violent conflict.
Cause and effect: autonomy-seeking movements.
Cause: Desire for greater self-governance and cultural preservation. Effect: Increased regional autonomy and power-sharing agreements.
Cause and effect: government repression of ethnic minorities.
Cause: Fear of secession or political instability. Effect: Increased radicalization and potential for violent resistance.
Cause and effect: government accommodation of ethnic diversity.
Cause: Recognition of minority rights and cultural differences. Effect: Increased social cohesion and reduced potential for conflict.
Cause and effect: economic inequality along ethnic lines.
Cause: Historical discrimination and unequal access to resources. Effect: Increased social tensions and potential for political instability.
Cause and effect: political mobilization along ethnic lines.
Cause: Perceived threats to ethnic identity and interests. Effect: Increased political polarization and potential for ethnic conflict.
