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What is the purpose of gender quotas in Mexico's electoral system?
To increase female participation in government.
How do electoral rules affect party systems?
FPTP can lead to two-party systems; proportional representation can lead to multi-party systems.
How do electoral rules affect representation?
Proportional representation can ensure representation more closely reflects the national vote.
What is the effect of the 7% threshold in Russian Duma elections?
It limits the number of parties that can gain representation.
Why does Iran reserve seats in the Majles for non-Muslim minorities?
To ensure representation of these groups.
What is the impact of single-member districts on local representation?
Ensures direct representation for specific geographic areas.
What is a potential consequence of FPTP systems?
A party can win a majority of seats without winning a majority of the votes.
How does indirect election in China affect political participation?
Limits direct voter input at higher levels of government.
What is the impact of candidate vetting in Iran?
Limits the range of political viewpoints represented in the Majles.
How does the second-round voting system in Iran affect election outcomes?
Ensures winning candidates have broader support.
Define single-member district.
One representative is elected from each district; a 'winner-takes-all' setup.
Define multimember district.
Multiple representatives are elected from a single district.
Define proportional representation.
Parties gain seats in proportion to the votes they receive.
Define quotas.
A set number or percentage of seats reserved for specific groups.
Define First-past-the-post (FPTP).
The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority.
Define electoral system.
Rules for how elections are held and results are decided.
What is a threshold in proportional representation?
A minimum percentage of votes a party must receive to gain seats.
What is a party list system?
Voters choose a party; seats are allocated based on party vote share.
Define indirect election.
Voters elect representatives who then elect the officeholder.
Define plurality.
The largest number of votes, but not necessarily a majority.
What is the role of the UK's House of Commons?
Directly elected members from single-member districts using FPTP.
What is the role of Mexico's Chamber of Deputies?
300 members elected in single-member districts, 200 by proportional representation.
What is the role of Nigeria's House of Representatives?
Members directly elected in single-member districts; number based on state population.
What is the role of Russia's State Duma?
Half elected from single-member districts, half by proportional representation (with a threshold).
How are members of China's National People's Congress selected?
Indirectly, through a series of local and regional elections.
What is the role of Iran's Majles?
Members directly elected in single and multi-member districts, vetted by the Guardian Council.
What is the role of the Guardian Council in Iranian elections?
Vets candidates for the Majles.
What is the role of the Chamber of Senators in Mexico?
96 members from three-seat constituencies and 32 by proportional representation.
What is the role of the National Assembly in Nigeria?
Consists of the Senate and House of Representatives.
What determines the number of representatives each Nigerian state sends to the House?
Population size.