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PR vs. FPTP: Impact on party systems?
PR: More parties. FPTP: Tends to create two-party systems.
Compare presidential election rules in Mexico and Nigeria.
Mexico: Plurality of national vote. Nigeria: Most votes + 25% in 2/3 of states.
Compare ballot access in Iran and Mexico.
Iran: Guardian Council approves candidates. Mexico: Independent election commissions.
Compare the UK and China's legislative term limits.
UK: 5 years. China: 5 years, but can be changed.
Contrast the appointment systems of the UK and Iran.
UK: House of Lords appointed to promote diversity. Iran: Guardian Council maintains Sharia law.
Compare election monitoring in Mexico and Russia.
Mexico: Independent election commissions. Russia: Lacks independent mechanisms.
Compare presidential election requirements in Russia and Iran.
Both require an absolute majority (50%+) in the first or second round.
Compare the role of elections in China and the UK.
China: Indirect elections, limited citizen say. UK: Direct elections, universal suffrage.
Compare the term limits of the President of Mexico and Nigeria.
Mexico: 1-6 year term, no re-election. Nigeria: 4 year term, 2 term limit.
Compare the electoral systems of UK and Mexico.
UK: Directly elected under single member district, first-past-the-post rules. Mexico: Directly elected under single-member districts, first-past-the-post AND proportional representation.
Cause and effect of Proportional Representation.
Cause: Designed to represent vote share. Effect: More parties in legislature.
Cause and effect of Single-Member Districts.
Cause: One representative per district. Effect: Strong constituency service.
Cause and Effect of the Guardian Council approving candidates in Iran.
Cause: Guardian Council approval. Effect: Restricted ballot access.
Cause and effect of independent election commissions.
Cause: A desire to reduce voter fraud. Effect: Enhanced competition.
Cause and effect of a lack of independent election mechanisms.
Cause: No independent oversight. Effect: Concerns about voter fraud.
Cause and effect of term limits.
Cause: A desire to increase representation. Effect: Greater diversity.
Cause and effect of reserved seats for religious minorities in Iran.
Cause: A desire to increase representation. Effect: Representation for religious minorities.
Cause and effect of gender quotas.
Cause: A desire to increase representation. Effect: Boosted female participation.
Cause and effect of democratization.
Cause: A desire to increase competition. Effect: More fairness and transparency in elections.
Cause and effect of no term limits.
Cause: A desire to maintain power. Effect: Limited flexibility.
Define Proportional Representation.
Parties get seats based on their vote share.
Define First-Past-the-Post.
The candidate with the most votes in a district wins.
What is a Single-Member District?
One representative per district.
What is a Multi-Member District?
Multiple representatives per district.
Define Universal Suffrage.
Voting rights for all adult citizens.
Define Plurality.
The most votes, even if not a majority.
Define Majority.
More than half of the votes.
What is Ballot Access?
The ability for candidates to get their name on the ballot.
What are Gender Quotas?
Rules specifying a certain number or percentage of candidates or officeholders must be women.
What is Constituency Accountability?
The degree to which elected officials are responsible to the needs and desires of their constituents.