Cause and Effect: PRI's Dominance in Mexico.
Cause: State corporatism to control interest groups. Effect: PRI won every presidential election from 1929-1999.
Cause and Effect: Emergence of PAN in Mexico.
Cause: Dissatisfaction with PRI's control. Effect: PAN won the presidency in 2000, signaling a move toward pluralism.
Cause and Effect: Authoritarian Regimes Manipulating Election Systems.
Cause: Desire to maintain power. Effect: Limited ballot access and controlled outcomes.
Cause and Effect: Increased State Control Over Interest Groups.
Cause: Government desire for control. Effect: Potential move towards authoritarianism.
Cause and Effect: Diverse Voices and Voluntary Participation.
Cause: Pluralist system. Effect: Encourages diverse voices and voluntary participation.
Cause and Effect: State Recognition of Interest Groups.
Cause: Corporatist system. Effect: Interest group representation is institutionalized.
Cause and Effect: PRI Dividing Interest Groups.
Cause: PRI's corporatist strategy. Effect: Divided interest groups into labor, peasants, and middle class.
Cause and Effect: Emergence of Political Parties.
Cause: Desire for political representation. Effect: Challenged the PRI's dominance.
Cause and Effect: Electoral Systems.
Cause: Rules and regulations for elections. Effect: Big impact on the regime of a nation.
Cause and Effect: Social Movements.
Cause: Aiming for broad social, political, or economic change. Effect: Large, unstructured movements.
Pluralist vs. Corporatist Systems.
Pluralist: Many autonomous groups, open competition. Corporatist: State-controlled groups, limited access.
Pluralism in Democracies vs. Corporatism in Democracies.
Pluralism: Diverse voices, voluntary participation. Corporatism: Institutionalized representation, state recognition.
Interest Groups in Pluralist vs. Corporatist Systems.
Pluralist: Autonomous, compete for influence. Corporatist: State-sanctioned, controlled by government.
Interest Groups in the UK vs. China.
UK: Primarily pluralist, influence policy through lobbying. China: Primarily corporatist, state-sanctioned organizations.
Mexico: Corporatism vs. Pluralism.
Corporatism: PRI controlled interest groups. Pluralism: Emergence of independent interest groups.
Autonomous vs. State-Sanctioned Groups.
Autonomous: Independent, self-governing. State-Sanctioned: Approved and controlled by the government.
Voluntary vs. Institutionalized Participation.
Voluntary: Open to anyone, free choice. Institutionalized: Structured, state-recognized.
Open Discussion vs. Limited Access.
Open Discussion: Free exchange of ideas. Limited Access: Restricted participation.
Independent vs. Controlled Groups.
Independent: Self-governing, autonomous. Controlled: Supervised, regulated by the state.
Multiple vs. Single Peak Associations.
Multiple: Many groups competing. Single Peak: One dominant group per sector.
Define Pluralist System.
Many autonomous groups compete for influence; no single group dominates.
Define Corporatist System.
Government controls which groups can participate in policymaking.
What are SPAs?
State-sanctioned groups representing sectors like labor, business, and agriculture.
What are linkage institutions?
Connect people to elected officials (e.g., social movements, interest groups).
Define Social Movements.
Large, unstructured movements aiming for broad social, political, or economic change.
Define Interest Groups.
Highly organized groups that can operate in pluralist or corporatist systems.
What is democratization?
A transition to a more democratic political system.
What is neo-corporatism?
A system where interests control groups.
What is an illiberal democracy?
A democracy that lacks some civil rights and liberties.
Define electoral systems.
The methods used to elect representatives and leaders.
