1. Declare a variable of the class type. 2. Use the new keyword followed by the class constructor. 3. Assign the result to the variable.

1. Use a for loop or enhanced for loop. 2. Initialize a counter (if using a for loop). 3. Access each element using its index.

1. Use nested for loops. 2. The outer loop iterates through rows. 3. The inner loop iterates through columns.

1. Use the super() keyword in the subclass constructor. 2. Provide the necessary parameters that match the superclass constructor's signature. 3. This call must be the first statement in the subclass constructor.

1. Identify the base case(s). 2. Define the recursive step, calling the method itself with a modified input. 3. Ensure the recursive step moves towards the base case.

Arrays: Fixed size, primitive and object types, length property. ArrayLists: Dynamic size, object types only, methods like add(), remove(), size().

==: Compares object references. .equals(): Compares the content of the strings.

for: Used when the number of iterations is known. while: Used when the number of iterations is unknown, and depends on a condition.

Overloading: Multiple methods with the same name but different parameters in the same class. Overriding: A subclass providing a different implementation for a method already defined in its superclass.

x++: Post-increment, returns the original value then increments. ++x: Pre-increment, increments then returns the new value.

Storing lists of data, such as student names, product prices, or sensor readings.

Managing a dynamic list of items, such as a shopping cart or a playlist.

Representing tables of data, such as spreadsheets, game boards, or image pixels.

Creating a hierarchy of classes, such as different types of vehicles inheriting from a base Vehicle class.

Solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, self-similar subproblems, such as searching a file system or parsing a complex data structure.

Controlling program flow based on conditions, such as validating user input or determining which action to take based on the current state.

Iterating through a collection of data, such as processing each item in a list or performing an action a specific number of times.

Repeating an action until a certain condition is met, such as continuously reading data from a sensor until a specific value is reached.