Storing lists of data, such as student names, product prices, or sensor readings.

Managing a dynamic list of items, such as a shopping cart or a playlist.

Representing tables of data, such as spreadsheets, game boards, or image pixels.

Creating a hierarchy of classes, such as different types of vehicles inheriting from a base Vehicle class.

Solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, self-similar subproblems, such as searching a file system or parsing a complex data structure.

Controlling program flow based on conditions, such as validating user input or determining which action to take based on the current state.

Iterating through a collection of data, such as processing each item in a list or performing an action a specific number of times.

Repeating an action until a certain condition is met, such as continuously reading data from a sensor until a specific value is reached.

The order in which operations are performed (PEMDAS).

To execute code blocks based on conditions.

To repeat code a specific number of times.

To repeat code while a condition is true.

= is the assignment operator, while == is the equality check operator.

Strings are immutable to improve efficiency and security. Once created, their value cannot be changed.

Instance variables store the data associated with each object.

Bundling data (instance variables) and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (class), hiding the internal state of an object.

To refer to the current object and distinguish between instance variables and parameters with the same name.

For memory efficiency and predictable access times.

Used to call the constructor or methods of the superclass.

A subclass providing its own implementation of a method already defined in the superclass.

The condition that stops the recursive calls and provides a direct solution.

The part of the recursive method where the method calls itself with a modified input, moving closer to the base case.

A primitive data type representing whole numbers.

A primitive data type representing decimal numbers.

A primitive data type representing true or false values.

An arithmetic operator (%) that returns the remainder of a division.

An operator that combines an arithmetic operation and assignment (e.g., +=, -=).

An operator (x++) that returns the original value of x, then increments it.

An operator (++x) that increments x, then returns the new value.

The process where the second condition in AND/OR operations isn't evaluated if the result is already known.

A sequence of characters, immutable in Java.

A blueprint for creating objects, containing data (fields) and behavior (methods).

An instance of a class, created using the new keyword.

A special method used to initialize objects, having the same name as the class.

An ordered collection of elements of the same type with a fixed size.

A dynamic, resizable array in Java.

A mechanism where a class (subclass) inherits properties and methods from another class (superclass).

The ability of an object to take on many forms, achieved through inheritance and method overriding.

A method that calls itself, requiring a base case to stop the recursion.