1. Declare a variable of the class type. 2. Use the new keyword followed by the class constructor. 3. Assign the result to the variable.

1. Use a for loop or enhanced for loop. 2. Initialize a counter (if using a for loop). 3. Access each element using its index.

1. Use nested for loops. 2. The outer loop iterates through rows. 3. The inner loop iterates through columns.

1. Use the super() keyword in the subclass constructor. 2. Provide the necessary parameters that match the superclass constructor's signature. 3. This call must be the first statement in the subclass constructor.

1. Identify the base case(s). 2. Define the recursive step, calling the method itself with a modified input. 3. Ensure the recursive step moves towards the base case.

Storing lists of data, such as student names, product prices, or sensor readings.

Managing a dynamic list of items, such as a shopping cart or a playlist.

Representing tables of data, such as spreadsheets, game boards, or image pixels.

Creating a hierarchy of classes, such as different types of vehicles inheriting from a base Vehicle class.

Solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, self-similar subproblems, such as searching a file system or parsing a complex data structure.

Controlling program flow based on conditions, such as validating user input or determining which action to take based on the current state.

Iterating through a collection of data, such as processing each item in a list or performing an action a specific number of times.

Repeating an action until a certain condition is met, such as continuously reading data from a sensor until a specific value is reached.

The order in which operations are performed (PEMDAS).

To execute code blocks based on conditions.

To repeat code a specific number of times.

To repeat code while a condition is true.

= is the assignment operator, while == is the equality check operator.

Strings are immutable to improve efficiency and security. Once created, their value cannot be changed.

Instance variables store the data associated with each object.

Bundling data (instance variables) and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (class), hiding the internal state of an object.

To refer to the current object and distinguish between instance variables and parameters with the same name.

For memory efficiency and predictable access times.

Used to call the constructor or methods of the superclass.

A subclass providing its own implementation of a method already defined in the superclass.

The condition that stops the recursive calls and provides a direct solution.

The part of the recursive method where the method calls itself with a modified input, moving closer to the base case.