The process of setting up an object's initial state using a constructor.

Using constructors without knowing their inner workings, trusting they will set up the object correctly.

It tells the program to allocate memory for a new object and calls the constructor.

Primitives are stored directly as values in memory.

Objects are stored as references (memory addresses) to the actual object data.

Different number of parameters or different order of parameter types.

Java provides a default no-argument constructor if no other constructors are defined.

To avoid NullPointerException, which causes the program to crash.

It means the variable does not point to any object in memory.

It allows creating objects with different initial states based on available information.

Pass-by-value: A copy is passed, original value unaffected. | Pass-by-reference: The memory address is passed, original value can be modified.

Default constructor: No parameters, provides default initialization. | Parameterized constructor: Accepts parameters, allows custom initialization.

A special method that creates new objects and sets them up with initial characteristics.

Used to call the constructor and create a new object.

Values provided to the constructor to initialize the object's attributes.

A copy of the value is passed to the method; changes inside the method don't affect the original value.

A reference (memory address) is passed to the method; changes inside the method do affect the original object.

The constructor's blueprint, including the class name and the parameter types.

Having multiple constructors in a class with different parameter lists.

A constructor with no parameters.

An object that doesn't exist; its reference variable stores 'null'.

An error that occurs when you try to call a method on a null object.