1. Evaluate the condition. 2. If true, execute the code block. 3. If false, skip the code block.

1. Initialize the loop variable. 2. Check the condition. 3. If true, execute the loop body. 4. Increment/decrement the loop variable. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 until the condition is false.

1. Check the condition. 2. If true, execute the loop body. 3. Update the loop variable (if necessary). 4. Repeat steps 1-3 until the condition is false.

1. Declare a variable of the class type. 2. Use the 'new' keyword followed by the class name and parentheses. 3. Optionally, initialize the object's fields.

Controlling traffic lights, validating user input, decision-making in games.

Iterating through data in a database, repeating actions in a game, processing elements in an array.

Storing and manipulating text data, processing user input, representing names and addresses.

Storing lists of items, representing game boards, managing collections of data.

Modeling real-world entities (e.g., cars, people, bank accounts) in software.

Creating a hierarchy of animal classes where each animal makes a different sound, but all are treated as animals.

For: Used when the number of iterations is known. While: Used when the number of iterations is unknown, and depends on a condition.

==: Compares object references (memory locations). .equals(): Compares the content of the strings.

Inheritance: Allows code reuse and creates an 'is-a' relationship. Polymorphism: Allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type.