Breaking down a program into smaller, independent modules or functions to improve code organization, reusability, and maintainability.

It reduces development time, improves code reliability, and promotes collaboration among developers.

Libraries provide pre-tested and optimized code, saving time and effort. They also enhance reliability and promote code sharing.

Control structures (sequence, selection, iteration) determine the order in which instructions are executed in a program, guiding the flow of execution.

Algorithm design involves breaking down a problem into smaller, manageable steps and creating a logical sequence of instructions to solve it.

Testing and debugging ensure that a program functions correctly, identifies and fixes errors, and improves overall code quality and reliability.

Computing innovations have led to advancements in communication, healthcare, education, and various other fields, improving quality of life and efficiency.

Negative impacts include job displacement, privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, and the digital divide, which can exacerbate social inequalities.

Data representation defines how data is stored and manipulated within a computer, influencing efficiency, accuracy, and the types of operations that can be performed.

APIs allow developers to easily integrate pre-built functionalities into their applications, promoting code reuse and saving development time.

Generating random numbers for simulations, games, cryptography, and statistical sampling.

Operating systems hide complex hardware interactions, providing a simplified user interface.

Traffic light systems use selection (if/else) to control traffic flow based on sensor data.

Social media platforms provide APIs for developers to integrate their applications with the platform's data and functionality.

Banks use encryption and multi-factor authentication to protect customer data and prevent unauthorized access to accounts.

Images are represented as arrays of pixel values to be displayed on screens.

Search engines use complex algorithms to rank web pages based on relevance and other factors.

Engineering simulations use mathematical functions to model physical phenomena.

Students without access to computers and the internet at home may face disadvantages in completing assignments and accessing online resources.

Social networks use graph data structures to represent relationships between users.

1. Identify the error. 2. Reproduce the error. 3. Isolate the cause. 4. Fix the error. 5. Test the solution.

1. Define the problem. 2. Brainstorm possible solutions. 3. Choose the best approach. 4. Write pseudocode. 5. Implement the code. 6. Test and debug.

1. Identify the required library. 2. Import the library. 3. Call the library's functions. 4. Use the returned results.

1. Plan test cases. 2. Write test code. 3. Run tests. 4. Analyze results. 5. Debug and repeat.

1. Identify complex details. 2. Create a simplified interface. 3. Hide implementation. 4. Provide access through the interface.

1. Increase access to technology. 2. Provide digital literacy training. 3. Lower internet costs. 4. Support community technology centers.

1. Implement firewalls. 2. Use strong passwords. 3. Regularly update software. 4. Educate users about phishing. 5. Monitor network traffic.

1. Identify key operations. 2. Count operation frequency. 3. Express as a function of input size. 4. Determine growth rate (Big O).

1. Understand data requirements. 2. Consider operations needed. 3. Evaluate time complexity. 4. Evaluate space complexity. 5. Select the best fit.

1. Read API documentation. 2. Understand API endpoints. 3. Make requests to API. 4. Handle API responses. 5. Integrate data into application.