Drawing a broad conclusion based on limited evidence.

Assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second.

Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.

Presenting only two options when there are actually more.

A flaw in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or unsound.

The process of forming reasons, justifying beliefs, and drawing conclusions with the aim of influencing the thoughts and/or actions of others.

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

A statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn.

A judgment or decision reached by reasoning.

Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. Rushing to a conclusion without considering all the facts.

Assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second. Correlation does not equal causation.

Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. A personal attack.

Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack. Creating a distorted version of the argument.

Presenting only two options as the only possibilities when more exist. An 'either/or' fallacy.

Drawing a conclusion about all members of a group from a small sample. Ex: 'All teenagers are bad drivers because I saw one crash.'

Assuming that because event B followed event A, event A caused event B. Ex: 'I wore my lucky shirt and won, so the shirt made me win.'

Attacking the person instead of their argument. Ex: 'You can't trust her opinion on climate change; she's a vegan.'

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. Ex: 'My opponent wants to cut military spending, so they must hate our troops!'

Presenting only two options when more exist. Ex: 'You're either with us or against us!'