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How is plague transmitted?
Flea bites from infected rodents, handling infected animals, or inhaling droplets from infected people/animals.
How is malaria transmitted?
Bite of infected *Anopheles* mosquitoes.
How is tuberculosis transmitted?
Airborne droplets from coughs or sneezes.
How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
Bite of infected *Culex* mosquitoes.
How is COVID-19 transmitted?
Respiratory droplets.
How is Zika Virus transmitted?
*Aedes* mosquitoes and sexual contact.
How are water-borne diseases transmitted?
Drinking or using contaminated water.
How does antibiotic resistance develop?
Overuse/misuse of antibiotics leads to bacteria evolving resistance.
What are pathogens?
Disease-causing microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
What are infectious diseases?
Illnesses caused by pathogens, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
What is bubonic plague?
A form of plague characterized by swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, and chills.
What is septicemic plague?
A form of plague that is a bloodstream infection, potentially leading to organ failure.
What is pneumonic plague?
A lung infection form of the plague with airborne transmission.
What is malaria?
A disease caused by the *Plasmodium* parasite, transmitted by *Anopheles* mosquitoes.
What is tuberculosis (TB)?
A disease caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* bacteria, transmitted through airborne droplets.
What is West Nile Virus?
A virus transmitted by *Culex* mosquitoes, primarily affecting birds but can infect humans.
What are Coronaviruses?
A large family of viruses causing respiratory infections.
What is Zika Virus?
A virus transmitted by *Aedes* mosquitoes and sexual contact, linked to microcephaly in newborns.
What are water-borne diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens in contaminated water.
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability of bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotics due to overuse/misuse.
Why is prevention key in managing infectious diseases?
It reduces the spread of pathogens and the occurrence of outbreaks, protecting public health.
What makes malaria a high-impact global health issue?
Its prevalence, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and the complexities of its transmission and control.
Why is drug resistance a major challenge in treating diseases like malaria and TB?
It reduces the effectiveness of treatments, leading to increased illness, death, and spread of disease.
Explain the significance of sanitation and clean water access in preventing waterborne diseases.
Proper sanitation and clean water prevent the spread of pathogens in water, reducing the risk of infection.
Why are mosquito-borne diseases a significant environmental health concern?
Mosquitoes can transmit various pathogens, leading to widespread diseases like malaria, Zika, and West Nile virus.
What is the importance of public education in preventing infectious diseases?
It empowers individuals to take preventive measures, such as hygiene practices and vaccination, reducing disease transmission.
Explain the concept of 'One Health' in the context of infectious diseases.
Recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, emphasizing collaborative efforts to address health threats.
What is the role of climate change in the spread of infectious diseases?
Climate change can alter the geographic range and seasonality of vectors, increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases.
How does international travel contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
Travelers can unknowingly carry pathogens across borders, leading to outbreaks in new locations.
What are the ethical considerations in implementing disease control measures?
Balancing individual rights with the need to protect public health, ensuring equitable access to resources and treatments.