Compare Romanticism and Realism in 19th-century art.
Romanticism focused on emotion and imagination, while Realism aimed to depict life as it truly was, often showing gritty, everyday scenes.
Compare the unification of Italy and Germany.
Both used nationalism as a unifying force, but Italy relied more on diplomacy, while Germany relied more on militarism.
Compare the motivations for imperialism with its effects.
Motivations included economic gain, ideological superiority, and strategic advantage. Effects included tensions, resistance, and the path to WWI.
Compare cultural nationalism and racial nationalism.
Cultural nationalism is based on shared cultural traits, while racial nationalism is based on perceived racial identity; racial nationalism often leads to exclusion and discrimination.
Compare the roles of Cavour and Bismarck in national unification.
Cavour used diplomacy and alliances to unify Italy, while Bismarck used realpolitik and military force to unify Germany.
Compare the impact of Darwin's scientific work and Social Darwinism.
Darwin's work was a scientific theory of evolution, while Social Darwinism was a racist ideology that misused Darwin's ideas to justify social inequality and imperialism.
Compare the views of Positivism with those of Freud and Einstein.
Positivism emphasized science as the only source of knowledge, while Freud explored the irrational and Einstein challenged Newtonian physics.
Compare the Congress System with the state of international relations leading up to WWI.
The Congress System aimed to maintain stability, while the period before WWI was characterized by increasing tensions and rivalries.
Compare the initial liberal use of nationalism with its later conservative use.
Liberals initially used nationalism to promote self-determination and democratic ideals, while conservatives later used it to strengthen state power.
Compare the economic motivations for imperialism with the ideological ones.
Economic motivations included the need for raw materials and markets, while ideological motivations included beliefs in cultural superiority and Social Darwinism.
Who was Camilo di Cavour?
Key figure in the unification of Italy, using nationalism to achieve political goals.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Key figure in the unification of Germany, using nationalism to achieve political goals.
Who was Napoleon III?
Conservative leader who co-opted nationalism to strengthen his state.
Who was Charles Darwin?
Scientist whose theory of evolution was later twisted into Social Darwinism.
Who was Albert Einstein?
Challenged Newtonian physics and the prevailing idea of positivism.
Who was Sigmund Freud?
Explored the irrational side of human nature, challenging positivism.
Who was Jean-François Millet?
Realist artist known for depicting everyday scenes, such as in *The Gleaners*.
Who was Henri Rousseau?
Post-Impressionist artist who focused on individual expression.
What was the significance of Greek Independence?
Example of cultural and racial nationalism leading to breakaway from empires.
What happened in the unifications of Italy and Germany?
Nationalism was used to unify these countries, shifting the balance of power.
What was the result of the creation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867?
A desperate attempt by Austria-Hungary to maintain stability amidst rising nationalism.
What was the effect of the Second Industrial Revolution on Imperialism?
It provided the technology (military, medical, communication) for empire-building.
What was the result of Imperialism?
It created tensions in Europe and resistance from colonized people, contributing to WWI.
What was the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?
It shook up society and was later twisted into Social Darwinism to justify racism.
What was a result of the rise of Realism in art?
It aimed to show life as it really was, focusing on mundane and everyday scenes.
What was the result of New Imperialism?
European powers engaged in a global land grab, driven by economic, ideological, and strategic motivations.
What was the impact of the weakening Ottoman Empire?
It upset the balance of power in Europe, contributing to the conditions that led to World War I.
What was the impact of Albert Einstein challenging Newton's physics?
It challenged the prevailing positivist view that science held all the answers.
