Led by Count Camillo di Cavour, Italy unified through diplomacy and war, creating a new nation-state in 1861.

Led by Otto von Bismarck, Germany unified through Realpolitik and strategic wars, creating a new nation-state in 1871.

Formalized the division of Africa among European powers, marking a key event in the Scramble for Africa.

Led to the adoption of constitutional monarchies and increased nationalistic sentiment across Europe.

A key event in the Italian Unification, where Cavour used diplomacy and war to unite the Italian peninsula.

A key event in the Italian Unification, where Garibaldi and his forces helped unite the Italian peninsula.

A key event in the German Unification, where Bismarck used Realpolitik and strategic wars to unify the German states.

A key event in the German Unification, where Bismarck used Realpolitik and strategic wars to unify the German states.

New technologies like steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine transformed industries and facilitated global expansion.

Improved transportation facilitated global expansion and trade during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Causes: Emergence of new states, economic ambitions, and nationalism/imperialism. Effects: Disrupted the established power balance and increased tensions among European nations.

Causes: Nationalism, desire for unified states. Effects: Reshaped the European political landscape and disrupted the balance of power.

Causes: Second Industrial Revolution, technological advancements, and the desire for resources and markets. Effects: Colonization of Africa and other regions, exploitation of resources, and increased rivalries among European powers.

Causes: Nationalism, liberalism, and social unrest. Effects: Adoption of constitutional monarchies and increased nationalistic sentiment.

European powers competed to colonize Africa for raw materials, markets, and strategic advantages.

The exploitation of African resources and the imposition of European rule.

New technologies like steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine transformed industries.

Improved transportation (railroads, steamships) facilitated global expansion, and transformed industries.

A growing emphasis on acquiring goods as a sign of power.

A tension between objective, scientific views and individual expression.

Distribution of power among European nations, maintained through military, diplomatic, and economic influence to prevent any single nation from dominating the continent.

Politics based on practical considerations rather than ideology, famously employed by Otto von Bismarck.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, often leading to a desire for national unity and independence.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

A system of alliances and diplomacy created after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain peace in Europe.

A period of rapid industrialization in the late 19th century characterized by new technologies like steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine.

The rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers in the late 19th century.

A growing emphasis on acquiring goods as a sign of power and status.

A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution.

The tension between objective, scientific views and individual expression, reflected in music and paintings of the era.