What was the Crimean War?
A conflict (1853-1856) in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire. It weakened the Concert of Europe.
What was the Danish War (1864)?
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, leading to the creation of the North German Confederation under Prussian control.
What was the Austro-Prussian War (1866)?
Prussia defeated Austria, resulting in Austria's exclusion from German affairs and further consolidating Prussian power.
What was the Franco-Prussian War (1870)?
Prussia defeated France, leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire. France ceded Alsace and Lorraine.
What was the First Balkan War (1912-1913)?
Balkan states pushed the Ottoman Empire out of the region, leading to greater independence for Balkan nations.
What was the Second Balkan War (1913)?
Fights among Balkan states over territory, increasing tensions and contributing to the causes of World War I.
What was the Unification of Italy (1871)?
The process by which the Italian peninsula was politically and socially consolidated into a single state.
What was the Unification of Germany (1871)?
The process by which numerous independent German states were unified into a single German Empire.
What was the significance of the taking of Rome?
Rome was annexed by Italy in 1870 after French troops withdrew during the Franco-Prussian War, completing Italian unification.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian War?
France was humiliated by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. They had to sign the treaty in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
Compare Italian and German unification.
Both driven by nationalism but Italy relied on foreign assistance and had regional divisions, while Germany was led by Prussia's military strength and Realpolitik.
Compare Cavour and Bismarck.
Both were pragmatic leaders who used diplomacy and strategic alliances to achieve unification, but Cavour had to navigate greater foreign influence.
Compare the Crimean War and the Franco-Prussian War.
Crimean War weakened the Concert of Europe, while the Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of a new European power (Germany) and altered the balance of power.
Compare the First and Second Balkan Wars.
The First Balkan War saw Balkan states united against the Ottomans, while the Second Balkan War involved infighting among the Balkan states themselves.
Compare the roles of Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italian unification.
Mazzini provided the ideological inspiration for unification, while Garibaldi provided the military force to achieve it.
Compare the outcomes for Austria after the Austro-Prussian War and the Compromise of 1867.
The Austro-Prussian War excluded Austria from German affairs, while the Compromise of 1867 allowed Austria to maintain power by sharing it with Hungary.
Compare the impact of nationalism on Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
Nationalism weakened both empires, but Austria-Hungary attempted to accommodate it through the Dual Monarchy, while the Ottoman Empire faced outright secession.
Compare the long-term consequences of the Franco-Prussian War for France and Germany.
France experienced lasting resentment and a desire for revenge, while Germany became a dominant power, leading to increased tension in Europe.
Compare the roles of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia in their respective unification processes.
Piedmont-Sardinia served as the base for Italian unification, using diplomacy and military action, while Prussia used military might and Realpolitik to unify Germany.
Compare the goals of the Concert of Europe before and after the Crimean War.
Before, the Concert of Europe aimed to maintain the status quo and prevent major conflicts. After, it was significantly weakened and less effective due to rising nationalism and shifting alliances.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
An Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy to promote unification through inspiring the youth.
Who was Count Camillo Cavour?
The Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, he used diplomacy and strategic alliances to unify Italy.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
An Italian general and nationalist who led the Red Shirts to liberate southern Italy, paving the way for unification.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The Prussian Chancellor who used Realpolitik and strategic wars to unify Germany.
Who was King Victor Emmanuel II?
The King of Piedmont-Sardinia who became the first king of a unified Italy.
Who was Tsar Nicholas I?
The Russian Tsar during the Crimean War; his death led to a shift in Russian policy under his successor.
Who was Tsar Alexander II?
The Russian Tsar who succeeded Nicholas I and sought to end the Crimean War.
Who was Napoleon III?
The Emperor of France who initially supported Cavour but later withdrew support, impacting Italian unification.
Who was Helmuth von Moltke the Elder?
Chief of the Prussian General Staff, modernized the Prussian army and planned the strategies for the wars of unification.
Who was Franz Joseph I?
Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, ruled during the period of rising nationalism and the creation of the Dual Monarchy.
