Devolution transfers power within a state, while independence creates a new state.

Federal systems have established devolution mechanisms, while unitary systems may need new laws for devolution.

Both movements are driven by cultural/linguistic differences and a desire to protect local traditions, but economic factors also play a significant role in both regions.

Devolution can lead to increased regional autonomy and better local governance, while balkanization can result in political instability, economic disruption, and conflict.

Political factors involve the balance of power and public support, while economic factors relate to the distribution of wealth and resources.

Both regions have strong sub-nationalist movements seeking greater autonomy or independence, driven by cultural and linguistic differences.

Regions with physical barriers often experience devolution due to isolation and unique identities, while regions without such barriers may experience devolution due to ethnic, economic, or political factors.

Wealthier regions may seek more control over resources, while poorer regions may seek devolution to address economic disparities and improve local governance.

Terrorism involves violence and destabilization, while peaceful negotiation seeks to achieve devolution through dialogue and compromise.

Internal actors include regional political parties and sub-nationalist movements, while external actors include international organizations and neighboring countries.

Causes: Unique culture/language, desire for self-determination. Effects: Increased regional autonomy, potential conflict, and the possible creation of new states.

Causes: Shared culture or language across borders, desire to unite populations. Effects: Annexation of regions, political tensions, and potential international conflicts.

Causes: Political goals, ethnic separatism, desire for independence. Effects: Destabilization of regions, increased security measures, and potential for further devolution.

Causes: Uneven distribution of wealth and resources, regional inequalities. Effects: Increased demands for autonomy, potential for conflict, and shifts in economic policies.

Causes: Unique culture, language, history, and traditions. Effects: Increased demands for self-governance, potential for conflict, and the creation of autonomous regions.

Causes: Support for regional autonomy, promotion of human rights, and encouragement of democratic governance. Effects: Increased pressure on central governments, potential for international intervention, and the strengthening of regional movements.

Causes: Lack of transparency, unequal access to resources, and political instability. Effects: Increased regional tensions, demands for greater autonomy, and potential for balkanization.

Causes: Mountains, deserts, and water bodies isolating regions. Effects: Fostering unique local identities, increasing desires for autonomy, and hindering central government control.

Causes: Differences in language, culture, or religion. Effects: Increased regional tensions, demands for autonomy, and potential for conflict.

Causes: Political instability, corruption, and lack of legitimacy. Effects: Increased regional autonomy, potential for balkanization, and the weakening of national unity.

To decentralize decision-making and give more autonomy to lower levels of government.

Regions with a high degree of self-governance, making decisions on local matters without central government interference, existing in federal or unitary systems.

Sub-nationalists drive devolution by seeking more autonomy or self-determination for their region due to cultural, economic, or historical factors.

Natural barriers can isolate regions, fostering local autonomy and unique identities.

Wealthier regions may push for more autonomy, seeking control over their resources and economic policies.

Distinct regional identities and a history of strained relations with the central government can drive devolutionary movements.

Terrorism can be used by ethnic separatists as organized violence for political goals, further destabilizing regions and pushing for devolution.

Differences in language, culture, or religion can create divisions and fuel demands for regional autonomy.

Devolutionary forces can lead to the breakup of a state into smaller, independent entities due to unresolved regional tensions.

Political instability, economic disruption, conflict, and fragmentation of the state.