Extensive: less capital/labor relative to land. Intensive: more capital/labor relative to land.

First: Domestication of plants/animals. Second: Mechanization and improved farming techniques.

Metes and Bounds: Irregular, uses natural features. Township and Range: Grid pattern, square townships.

Pastoral Nomadism: Subsistence, herding animals. Ranching: Commercial, livestock grazing over large areas.

Market Gardening: Small-scale, local. Plantation Farming: Large-scale, commercial.

Positive: Increased food production. Negative: Environmental degradation and social inequality.

Long-lot: Long, narrow lots along rivers. Township and Range: Grid pattern of square townships.

Tropical: Year-round growing season, but high risk of pests and diseases. Temperate: Seasonal growing season, but less risk of pests.

Small farms: Local, diverse crops. Agribusinesses: Large-scale, specialized, and integrated supply chains.

Organic: No synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Conventional: Uses synthetic inputs for higher yields.

Mechanized factories for processing, transportation networks, marketing and retail, and research and development of new technologies.

Uses distances and directions to describe boundaries, often referencing natural and man-made features.

Divides land into long, narrow lots, often along rivers or lakes.

Divides land into a grid pattern of square townships and sections.

Creating steps on hillsides to grow crops, reducing erosion and maximizing land use.

Diverting water from rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources to fields to support crop growth.

Clearing forests to create farmland, often leading to environmental consequences like soil erosion and habitat loss.

Production, processing, packaging, transportation, retail, and consumption.

Development of high-yield seeds, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, expansion of irrigation, and adoption of mechanized farming techniques.

Planting different crops in a sequence on the same land to improve soil health and reduce pest and disease problems.

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

A geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

A farming system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital relative to the land area being farmed.

A farming system that uses large inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital relative to the land area being farmed.

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

The relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants.

A form of commercial agriculture in which crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed.

A rectangular land division scheme designed to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.