The Trojan Horse symbolizes deception and the fall of a great power due to trickery. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of trusting enemies and the importance of vigilance.

The gods were believed to actively intervene in human affairs, influencing events and determining fates. They were worshipped and feared, and their favor was sought through sacrifices and prayers.

The Aeneid promotes values such as piety (pietas), duty to family and state, courage, and perseverance. It also glorifies Roman history and destiny, portraying Rome as a divinely ordained empire.

The Aeneid was written during the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. It served to legitimize his rule by connecting him to the legendary founders of Rome and promoting a sense of national identity and purpose.

The fall of Troy was seen as a foundational event in Roman history, as it was believed that Aeneas, a Trojan prince, fled Troy and eventually founded Rome. This connection provided Rome with a noble and ancient lineage.

Fate is a powerful force that guides the events of the Aeneid. While characters have free will, their actions are ultimately shaped by destiny. Vergil explores the tension between free will and predetermination.

While many Roman gods were based on Greek deities, they often had different names and were associated with different aspects of Roman life and culture. The Romans also emphasized the practical and political functions of their gods.

The Aeneid portrays war as both glorious and tragic, highlighting the costs and consequences of conflict. It also celebrates the expansion of the Roman Empire as a fulfillment of destiny, while acknowledging the suffering caused by imperialism.

Prophecies were taken seriously in Roman society and were believed to reveal the will of the gods and the course of future events. In the Aeneid, prophecies guide Aeneas on his journey and shape the destiny of Rome.

The Aeneid alludes to historical events and figures to draw parallels between the past and the present. Vergil uses these examples to comment on contemporary Roman society and politics and to reinforce the themes of the poem.

The subjunctive mood is used in indirect questions to express uncertainty or possibility. It follows verbs of asking, knowing, or telling.

The gerundive of obligation expresses necessity or obligation and is often used with a form of 'esse' (to be). It indicates that something must be done.

An ablative absolute is a phrase in the ablative case, grammatically independent from the rest of the sentence. It usually consists of a noun and a participle, both in the ablative, and provides background information or circumstances.

The dative of agent is used with the passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of 'esse') to indicate who must do something. It expresses the person responsible for carrying out the obligation.

In indirect discourse, the tense of the subjunctive verb in the subordinate clause depends on the tense of the main verb. If the main verb is in a primary tense (present, future, future perfect), the subjunctive verb will be in the present or perfect subjunctive. If the main verb is in a secondary tense (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect), the subjunctive verb will be in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive.

A simile is a comparison using 'like' or 'as,' while a metaphor is a direct comparison stating something *is* something else.

The accusative of duration of time indicates how long an action lasts. It is used without a preposition.

A relative clause of characteristic describes a general quality or characteristic of a noun. It uses the subjunctive mood.

A 'cum' clause is a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction 'cum' (when, since, although). The mood of the verb in the 'cum' clause determines its meaning: 'cum' + indicative usually means 'when,' while 'cum' + subjunctive can mean 'when,' 'since,' or 'although'.

The imperfect subjunctive describes an action happening at the same time or after the main verb in past time, while the pluperfect subjunctive describes an action that happened before the main verb in past time.

Falls, collapses

Citadel, fortress

Trickery, deceit

Misfortune, fall, event

Fate, destiny

Duty, devotion, piety

To drive, to impel, to urge on

To pollute, to defile, to desecrate

To defile, pollute, make filthy

To avenge