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Explain the use of the subjunctive mood in 'se quisquam impune tulisset'.
The subjunctive 'tulisset' is used in a potential or contrary-to-fact condition, expressing what would have happened under different circumstances.
Identify and explain the case of 'spoliis' in line 848.
'Spoliis' is in the ablative case, ablative of means. It indicates how Marcellus is distinguished—by means of the spoils.
What is the grammatical function of 'supereminet'?
'Supereminet' is a verb in the indicative mood, active voice, third-person singular, present tense. It means 'he surpasses'.
Explain the use of 'tertia' in 'tertiaque arma'.
'Tertia' is an adjective modifying 'arma', meaning 'the third spoils'. It refers to the third time a Roman general has won the spolia opima.
Identify the case and number of 'avos' in line 876.
'Avos' is in the accusative plural. It is the direct object of 'tollet'.
What type of conditional sentence is present in lines 880-881 ('Non illi se quisquam...')?
It is a contrary-to-fact conditional, indicated by the subjunctive 'tulisset', expressing a hypothetical situation.
What is the case and use of 'bello' in 'invictaque bello'?
'Bello' is in the ablative case, ablative of respect (or specification). It specifies in what respect the hand is invincible.
Explain the syntax of 'heu pietas, heu prisca fides'.
This is an example of interjection and direct address. 'Heu' is an interjection expressing sorrow, and 'pietas' and 'prisca fides' are being directly addressed in the vocative.
What is the tense and mood of 'iactabit' in line 877?
'Iactabit' is in the future active indicative. It describes what the land 'will boast'.
What is the case and number of 'equi' in 'spumantis equi'?
'Equi' is in the genitive singular, modifying 'armos'. It indicates the horse's flanks.
What was the significance of the *spolia opima* in Roman culture?
The *spolia opima* was the highest military honor, awarded to a Roman general who killed the enemy leader in single combat, signifying exceptional military prowess and divine favor.
Who was Marcellus and why was he important?
Claudius Marcellus was a Roman general, a hero of the Second Punic War, and five-time consul. His military achievements exemplified Roman values of courage and leadership.
What does Anchises's lament for Marcellus the Younger reveal about Roman values?
The lament highlights the Roman values of virtue (*pietas*), old-fashioned integrity (*prisca fides*), and military strength, emphasizing the tragic loss of potential greatness.
What does the reference to the Gauls reveal about Roman history?
The reference to the 'rebellious' Gauls reminds us of their involvement as mercenaries in the Punic Wars against Rome, highlighting Rome's conflicts and expansion.
How does Vergil use the character of Marcellus to comment on fate and mortality?
Vergil uses Marcellus to explore themes of fate and mortality, contrasting the glory of potential achievement with the sorrow of untimely death, prompting reflection on human destiny.
What does Anchises's prophecy reveal about the Roman sense of destiny?
Anchises's prophecy reinforces the Roman belief in their divinely ordained destiny to rule and govern, shaping their identity and motivating their actions.
What is the significance of Anchises identifying Marcellus by his spoils?
Identifying Marcellus by his spoils emphasizes the Roman focus on tangible achievements and military success as markers of identity and worth.
How does the text portray the relationship between Rome and its ancestors?
The text emphasizes the importance of honoring ancestors and continuing their legacy, highlighting the Roman value of tradition and lineage.
What does the description of Marcellus's military prowess suggest about Roman ideals of leadership?
The description suggests that Roman ideals of leadership included courage in battle, strategic skill, and the ability to inspire and command troops effectively.
What does the reference to Romulus suggest about Roman identity?
The reference to Romulus, the founder of Rome, reinforces the importance of Roman origin stories and the mythical foundation of their civilization.
What is the meaning of 'spolia opima'?
The 'spolia opima' refers to the most prestigious award a Roman general could earn by killing the enemy leader in single combat.
What is the meaning of 'insignis'?
'Insignis' means distinguished, remarkable, or outstanding.
What is the meaning of 'tumultu'?
'Tumultu' means commotion, uproar, or disturbance.
What is the meaning of 'sternet'?
'Sternet' means to lay low, overthrow, or defeat.
What is the meaning of 'rebellem'?
'Rebellem' means rebellious or revolting.
What is the meaning of 'Quirino'?
'Quirino' refers to Romulus, the founder of Rome, after his deification.
What is the meaning of 'pietas'?
'Pietas' means virtue, duty, or devotion, especially to family, country, and the gods.
What is the meaning of 'prisca fides'?
'Prisca fides' refers to the old-fashioned honesty, trustworthiness, and integrity.
What is the meaning of 'invicta'?
'Invicta' means unconquered or invincible.
What is the meaning of 'alumno'?
'Alumnus' means foster son or nursling, here referring to a son of Rome.