Accusative subject and infinitive in the subordinate clause, reporting what someone said, thought, or felt.

A phrase consisting of a noun/pronoun and a participle, both in the ablative case, grammatically independent of the main clause.

A clause introduced by 'ut' or 'ne' (negative), expressing the purpose or reason for an action in the main clause; subjunctive mood.

The gerundive (future passive participle) used with 'esse' to express necessity or obligation; often translated as 'must be' or 'should be'.

Indicates an action that will happen in the future, often expressing intention or prediction. E.g., 'facturos' (they would do).

Introduced by interrogative words (e.g., quis, quid, cur, ubi) and use the subjunctive mood.

Genitive. E.g., 'colloquendi causa' (for the sake of conferring).

Ablative case without a preposition to express how something is done. E.g., gladio (by sword)

Ablative case with a preposition 'a' or 'ab' to express the person by whom the action is done. E.g., a Caesare (by Caesar)

Ablative case without a preposition to express when something is done. E.g., aestate (in summer)

Winter camps provided shelter and security for the legions during the winter months, when campaigning was difficult. They also served as bases for future operations.

It highlights the importance of procedure, protocol, and diverse opinions within the Roman military, even under pressure.

It illustrates the complex and often deceptive nature of these relations, with both sides using rhetoric and manipulation to achieve their goals.

'Auctoritas', or authority/influence, was crucial. Senior officers like legates held significant power, and their opinions carried weight in debates.

Often as barbarians, but also as potential allies or enemies, depending on the political situation. The Romans exploited tribal rivalries to maintain control.

Caesar's presence was crucial for maintaining Roman control. His absence emboldened the Gauls to revolt.

Hostage-taking was a common practice to ensure the loyalty of conquered peoples. It was a powerful tool of control.

Effective communication was essential for coordinating troop movements, relaying orders, and responding to threats across the vast Roman territories.

Fear was a significant motivator. Roman commanders often used fear of punishment or defeat to maintain discipline and encourage bravery.

Roman values emphasized discipline, order, and strategic planning, while Gallic values often prioritized individual bravery and impulsive action.

A Roman officer of senatorial rank; a lieutenant general.

Winter camp.

Plan, counsel, advice.

Contempt, disdain.

Disaster, misfortune.

Favor, gratitude, influence.

Siege, assault.

Having set out, departed.

Of one's own accord, willingly.

Uproar, disturbance, revolt.