It sets the scene or provides background information, indicating the circumstances under which the main action occurs.

It is an imperative verb, used to give a command.

Accusative case, indicating duration of time.

Reports what someone said or thought, using an accusative subject and infinitive verb.

A verbal noun, often used in the genitive case to express purpose or obligation.

A verbal adjective that expresses necessity or obligation. It often appears with a form of 'esse' to create a passive periphrastic.

The subjunctive mood is often used in clauses of purpose, result, indirect command, and fearing.

The dative of agent indicates by whom the action must be done when using the passive periphrastic.

It's formed from the fourth principal part of the verb and declines like a regular adjective of the first and second declension.

It indicates how long an action lasted.

It shows that even experienced Roman officers could disagree sharply, leading to potentially disastrous outcomes. Discipline and hierarchy were crucial, but not always followed perfectly.

Winter camps provided shelter and resupply during the harsh winter months, allowing the legions to rest and prepare for the next campaigning season.

'Auctoritas' (authority, influence) was a key concept. Senior officers like Caesar held immense 'auctoritas', which influenced the decisions and actions of their subordinates.

Caesar's 'De Bello Gallico' served as propaganda, showcasing his military achievements and justifying his actions in Gaul to the Roman public.

The Romans often offered terms of surrender to their enemies, but these terms could be harsh and involve significant loss of autonomy and resources for the conquered.

'Virtus' was a core Roman value, emphasizing courage, duty, and excellence in military service. It motivated soldiers to fight bravely and uphold Roman honor.

Roman military camps were strategically placed and fortified to provide security and a base of operations during campaigns. They were vital for maintaining control over conquered territories.

The diverse terrain of Gaul, including forests, rivers, and mountains, presented both challenges and opportunities for the Roman army, influencing their tactics and logistics.

Caesar's campaigns demonstrate the impressive logistical capabilities of the Roman army, including their ability to supply troops, construct infrastructure, and manage resources over long distances.

Divisions and rivalries among Gallic tribes allowed Caesar to exploit these weaknesses, forming alliances with some tribes against others, and ultimately weakening Gallic resistance.

With a debate having been held (ablative absolute).

Win! (imperative)

Winter

Proximity, nearness

Surrender

Safe, unharmed

Plan, advice, counsel

Influence, authority

Stubbornness, obstinacy

Assault, siege