What does the Roman emphasis on 'virtus' reveal about their values?
It highlights the importance of courage, manliness, and moral excellence in Roman society.
What does the reference to 'primum pilum' indicate about Roman military hierarchy?
It refers to the chief centurion, a high-ranking and respected position within a legion.
What does the act of forming an 'orbis' signify in Roman military tactics?
It represents a defensive strategy used when surrounded, but it could also lead to decreased morale and vulnerability.
What is the cultural significance of promising plunder to soldiers?
Motivating soldiers with the promise of plunder was a common practice in ancient warfare.
What does Caesar's focus on leadership reveal about Roman values?
Effective leadership was highly valued in Roman society and was seen as essential for military success.
What does the phrase 'levitas armorum' suggest about barbarian warfare?
It indicates that the barbarians relied on light arms and mobility, contrasting with the heavily armored Roman soldiers.
What does the description of battle casualties reveal about Roman society?
It highlights the importance of family and duty, as seen in Q. Lucanius's sacrifice for his son.
What can we infer from the Roman soldiers placing all hope in their valor?
Even when deserted by their leader and fortune, they maintained hope in their courage.
Explain the cultural significance of 'cotidiana exercitatione'.
Daily practice was essential for barbarian warriors, and it was one of the reasons for their success.
What does the barbarians' focus on victory reveal about their culture?
Victory was of utmost importance to them, as they believed everything depended on it.
How does Caesar portray the relationship between Roman leaders and their troops?
Leaders were expected to encourage their troops, as exemplified by L. Cotta's actions.
What does the Romans' honorable conduct in battle suggest about their values?
They strived to maintain their dignity and honor even in the face of adversity.
Explain the significance of the ablative absolute 'magna parte diei consumpta'.
It provides temporal context, meaning 'with a great part of the day being spent'.
What is the grammatical function of 'circumvento filio'?
Ablative absolute, meaning 'with his son having been surrounded'.
Identify the mood and tense of 'discederet' in the phrase 'ne quis ab loco discederet'.
Subjunctive mood, imperfect tense.
What is the case and use of 'saluti' in 'communi saluti deerat'?
Dative case, dative of purpose/end.
Explain the grammatical structure of 'ut eum omnia deficere viderentur'.
Result clause introduced by 'ut', showing the consequence of Titurius's actions.
Identify the type of clause and its function in 'quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint, cedant'.
Relative clause of characteristic, describing the type of situation in which they should give way.
What is the grammatical function of 'appellandis cohortandisque militibus'?
Gerundive expressing purpose, 'for the sake of addressing and encouraging the soldiers'.
Explain the construction 'Tito Balventio...utrumque femur tragula traicitur'.
Passive voice construction indicating that 'each thigh of T. Balventius is pierced by a javelin'.
What is the case and use of 'diei' in 'magna parte diei consumpta'?
Genitive case, partitive genitive.
What is the significance of the subjunctive 'reliquissent'?
Subjunctive in indirect discourse, reporting what the barbarians believe the Romans will leave behind.
Analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of 'sin autem locum tenere vellent'.
Conditional sentence, 'if, however, they wished to hold their ground'.
Explain the use of the subjunctive mood in 'ne quis ab loco discederet'.
It is a purpose clause introduced by 'ne', indicating the reason why they shouldn't quit their place.
What is the meaning of 'nihil ante providisset'?
Had provided nothing beforehand (lacked foresight)
What is the meaning of 'trepidare et concursare'?
To be confused and run to and fro (chaotic)
What is the meaning of 'cohortesque disponere'?
To set about arranging troops
What is the meaning of 'impedimenta'?
Baggage, baggage train
What is the meaning of 'in orbem consisterent'?
They should form themselves into a circle
What is the meaning of 'spem minuit'?
Diminished hope
What is the meaning of 'hostes alacriores effecit'?
Rendered the enemy more eager
What is the meaning of 'virtute'?
Valor, courage
What is the meaning of 'tela'?
Weapons, projectiles
What is the meaning of 'tragula'?
Javelin
What is the meaning of 'procul tela coniciant'?
That they throw their weapons from a distance
What is the meaning of 'signa'?
Standards, ensigns
