Deeply troubled, alarmed.

Encouraging, urging on.

Interpreter.

To ask, to request.

To spare.

Having been addressed.

To speak with, to converse.

To obtain by request, to succeed in obtaining.

To be harmed.

Wounded.

To withdraw, to leave.

To persist, to continue steadfastly.

The subjunctive 'velit' expresses a condition in indirect discourse after 'respondit'.

'rebus' is in the ablative case, used as an ablative of cause, indicating the reason for Titurius' distress.

'sperare' is an infinitive in an indirect statement. 'impetrari posse' is a passive infinitive construction, indicating what is hoped to be obtained.

'conspexisset' is pluperfect subjunctive.

Relative clause of characteristic.

Supine expressing purpose.

Future passive infinitive used in indirect statement.

Accusative, direct object of interponere, showing what he pledges.

Simple Present Conditional.

Ablative of accompaniment.

Subjunctive, in a purpose clause after 'ut'.

Future active participle used in indirect statement.

It highlights the necessity of communication and negotiation, but also the inherent power imbalance, as Romans often used interpreters to exert control.

It reflects the Roman emphasis on honor and military strength, viewing negotiation with an armed enemy as potentially dishonorable or a sign of weakness.

Caesar highlights the differences in judgment between his legates, with Sabinus portrayed as rash and Cotta as cautious, allowing Caesar to subtly justify his own command.

It demonstrates the Gauls' use of deception and manipulation as key components of their military strategy, contrasting with the more direct approach often associated with Roman warfare.

Pledging one's 'fides' (good faith, trustworthiness) was a cornerstone of Roman social and political life, representing a solemn promise of honor and integrity.

The well-being and safety of the soldiers were paramount, influencing strategic choices and diplomatic negotiations, as a successful army was crucial for Roman power and expansion.

It shows that even within the highly structured Roman army, there could be significant differences in opinion and strategy among commanders, highlighting the challenges of leadership.

Caesar presents a complex picture of Roman-Gallic relations, showing both conflict and moments of negotiation, but ultimately emphasizing the Gauls' untrustworthiness and the need for Roman control.

The Romans viewed the Gauls as both formidable warriors and potentially deceitful, necessitating caution and strategic planning when dealing with them.

The setting in Gaul, a region seen as both resource-rich and dangerous, shapes the narrative by emphasizing the challenges and rewards of Roman expansion and the constant threat of rebellion.

It suggests that Romans generally avoided direct negotiation with armed enemies, preferring either to disarm them first or to negotiate from a position of strength.

While negotiation was sometimes necessary, Roman leaders were wary of appearing weak or compromising their position by engaging in discussions with hostile forces.