What is a passing tone?
A non-chord tone that connects two chord tones by step.
What is a neighbor tone?
A non-chord tone that steps away from a chord tone and then returns to it.
Define anticipation tone.
A chord tone that arrives early, before the beat.
What is an escape tone?
A non-chord tone that steps away from a chord tone and then leaps away.
Define appoggiatura.
A grace note played before a chord tone, creating dissonance that resolves to the chord tone.
What is a pedal point?
A sustained note, usually in the bass, while harmonies change above it.
Define suspension.
A chord tone held over from a previous chord that resolves downward by step.
What is a retardation?
Similar to a suspension, but the resolution is upward by step.
What is a motive?
A short musical idea that is repeated or varied throughout a piece.
Define melodic sequence.
A musical idea that is repeated at different pitch levels.
What is a harmonic sequence?
A chord progression that is repeated at different pitch levels.
Define Linear Intervallic Pattern (LIP).
Pattern formed by the interval between outer voices in a harmonic sequence.
What is the function of a descending fifths progression?
Creates a strong sense of harmonic motion and resolution.
What is the function of a descending thirds sequence?
Common in the predominant area, leading to the dominant.
What is the function of ascending 2nds?
Common in tonic-predominant, predominant-dominant, and dominant-tonic movements.
What harmonic sequence is a descending fourth, ascending second?
Pachelbel sequence.
What should you avoid when writing non-chord tones in the bass?
Parallel motion with the soprano line; keep the soprano relatively stationary.
What is voice exchange?
When the bass and soprano lines swap notes.
How should escape tones resolve?
By leap in the opposite direction of the step.
What should you avoid when writing suspensions?
Dissonant intervals in adjacent voices; maintain proper spacing.
