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What is the effect of applying an external force at the center of mass of a system?
The system will translate (move as a whole) in the direction of the applied force without rotation.
What is the effect of heating a solid system?
Heating a solid can change its structure.
What is the effect of a system rotating?
The center of mass will move in a straight line or remain stationary, while the system rotates around it.
What is the difference between individual component behavior and system behavior?
Individual components may behave differently from each other and the system as a whole. System behavior considers the collective interaction.
What is the difference between energy transfer and mass transfer in systems?
Energy transfer involves the exchange of energy with the surroundings (e.g., heat). Mass transfer involves the exchange of matter with the surroundings (e.g., evaporation).
What are the steps to calculate the center of mass ($x_{cm}$) along an axis for discrete objects?
1. Identify the mass ($m_i$) and position ($x_i$) of each object. 2. Calculate the sum of ($m_i * x_i$) for all objects. 3. Calculate the sum of all masses ($m_i$). 4. Divide the sum of ($m_i * x_i$) by the sum of the masses.