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What is a thermodynamic system?
A specific region or amount of matter being studied, separated from its surroundings by a boundary.
What is a closed system?
A system that exchanges energy (heat or work) but not matter with its surroundings.
What is an open system?
A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
What is an isolated system?
A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.
Define thermal equilibrium.
A state where two systems have the same temperature, and there is no net heat transfer between them.
What is internal energy?
The total energy within a system, including kinetic and potential energy of its molecules.
What is entropy?
A measure of disorder or randomness within a system.
Define thermal conductivity.
A material's ability to conduct heat.
What are the differences between elastic and inelastic collisions?
Elastic: Kinetic energy is conserved. | Inelastic: Kinetic energy is not conserved; some energy is converted to other forms (heat, sound).
What are the differences between heat and temperature?
Heat: The transfer of thermal energy. | Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Describe the process of heat transfer by conduction.
Heat transfer through a material by molecular collisions.
Describe the process of heat transfer by convection.
Heat transfer by fluid movement (gas or liquid).
Describe the process of heat transfer by radiation.
Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.