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What happens when a charged object touches a neutral object?
Charge is redistributed until they reach equilibrium, conserving total system charge (charging by conduction).
What happens when a charged object is brought near a neutral object?
Charge separation occurs in the neutral object (induction).
What happens when a wire carries a current in a magnetic field?
The wire experiences a force: $F = ILB \sin(\theta)$.
What happens when there is a changing magnetic field?
An electric field is induced (electromagnetic induction).
What happens when light passes from one medium to another?
Refraction occurs, and the light bends according to Snell's Law: $n_1 \sin(\theta_1) = n_2 \sin(\theta_2)$.
What happens when electrons in atoms transition between energy levels?
Photons are emitted or absorbed, with energy $E = hf$.
What are the differences between conductors and insulators?
Conductors: Allow free flow of charge, low resistance, high electron mobility. | Insulators: Restrict charge flow, high resistance, low electron mobility.
What are the differences between electric potential (V) and electric potential energy (U)?
Electric Potential (V): Property of the electric field. | Electric Potential Energy (U): Property of a charge in the electric field.
What are the differences between series and parallel circuits?
Series Circuits: Current is the same, resistances add directly, voltage drops add up. | Parallel Circuits: Voltage is the same, resistances add as reciprocals, current splits.
Compare attractive and repulsive forces regarding electric charges.
Attractive Forces: Occur between opposite charges (positive and negative). | Repulsive Forces: Occur between like charges (positive and positive, or negative and negative).
Compare reflection and refraction of light.
Reflection: Light bounces off a surface, angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. | Refraction: Light bends as it passes through a medium, described by Snell's Law.
What is electric charge conservation?
The total electric charge in a closed system remains constant. Charge can only be transferred, not created or destroyed.
Define electric conductor.
A material with free electrons that allows charge to flow easily (e.g., metals).
Define electric insulator.
A material with tightly bound electrons that resists charge flow (e.g., rubber, plastic).
What is electric current (I)?
The rate of charge flow, measured in Amperes: $I = \frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta t}$.
What is electrical resistance (R)?
Opposition to current flow, measured in Ohms: $R = \frac{\rho L}{A}$.
What is electric potential (V)?
Electric potential (voltage) is the potential energy per unit charge: $V = \frac{U}{q}$.