1: Charged Object, 2: Neutral Object, 3: Induced Negative Charge, 4: Ground Connection, 5: Flow of Electrons

The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: $$F = k rac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$$

Rubbing two neutral objects together, transferring electrons. One object becomes positively charged, the other negatively charged.

A charged object touches a neutral object, transferring some charge. Both objects end up with the same type of charge.

Bringing a charged object near a neutral object, causing charge separation (polarization). If grounded, the neutral object acquires the opposite charge.

'k' is Coulomb's constant, approximately $$8.99 \times 10^9 Nm^2/C^2$$

It causes charge separation (polarization) within the sphere; negative charges accumulate near the rod, and positive charges move away.

Charge will flow between the object and the ground, resulting in the neutral object acquiring a charge opposite to that of the charged object.

The electrostatic force between them decreases (inversely proportional to the square of the distance).

The object with the higher electron affinity gains electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the other object loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

The leaves of the electroscope separate because they have the same charge, and like charges repel each other.