What is the effect of adding resistors in parallel to a circuit?
Decreases the overall equivalent resistance.
What is the effect of internal resistance on a battery's terminal voltage?
It causes the terminal voltage to be less than the EMF when current flows.
What is the effect of a nonideal ammeter on the current in a circuit?
Its resistance increases the total series resistance, potentially reducing the current.
What is the effect of a nonideal voltmeter on voltage measurement?
Its finite resistance can draw some current, altering the voltage reading.
What happens to terminal voltage as current increases in a real battery?
Terminal voltage decreases.
What is Equivalent Resistance?
The total resistance of a circuit or a part of a circuit, simplified into one effective resistor.
What is Electromotive Force (ฮต)?
The potential difference a battery provides when no current is flowing; the battery's ideal voltage.
What is Terminal Voltage?
The actual voltage measured across a battery's terminals when current is flowing, which is less than the EMF due to internal resistance.
What is an Ammeter?
A device used to measure the current flowing through a specific point in a circuit.
What is a Voltmeter?
A device used to measure the potential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit.
Define internal resistance.
The resistance within a battery that reduces the terminal voltage when current flows.
What are the key differences between series and parallel connections in circuits?
Series: Current is the same, voltage is divided. Parallel: Voltage is the same, current is divided.
Compare ideal vs. nonideal components in a circuit.
Ideal: Wires have zero resistance, batteries have no internal resistance. Nonideal: Wires have some resistance, batteries have internal resistance.
Compare ammeter and voltmeter placement in a circuit.
Ammeter: connected in series. Voltmeter: connected in parallel.
Compare the resistance of ideal vs real-world ammeters.
Ideal ammeter: zero resistance. Real-world ammeter: very low resistance.
Compare the resistance of ideal vs real-world voltmeters.
Ideal voltmeter: infinite resistance. Real-world voltmeter: very high resistance.
