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Define Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
The force of attraction between any two objects with mass, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
What is the gravitational field model?
A way to visualize how gravity affects objects in space, predicting how objects move under gravity’s influence without direct contact.
Define gravitational field strength (g).
The gravitational force per unit mass, expressed as $g = \frac{F_g}{m}$.
What is weight?
The gravitational force exerted on an object by a celestial body.
Define apparent weight.
The force you feel (the normal force), which isn't always the same as your actual weight (gravitational force).
What is inertial mass?
A measure of how much an object resists changes in its motion.
What is gravitational mass?
The property of an object that determines the strength of its gravitational interaction with other objects.
Define weightlessness.
The sensation of having no weight, either because no forces are acting on you, or gravity is the only force acting on you.
What is the effect of increasing the mass of two objects on the gravitational force between them?
Increasing the mass of either object will increase the gravitational force between them.
What happens to apparent weight when an elevator accelerates upwards?
Apparent weight increases; you feel heavier.
What happens to apparent weight when an elevator accelerates downwards?
Apparent weight decreases; you feel lighter.
What is the effect of being inside a uniform spherical shell of mass?
The net gravitational force on an object inside the shell is zero.
What is the effect of increasing the distance between two objects on the gravitational force between them?
Increasing the distance decreases the gravitational force between them, following an inverse square relationship.
What happens when an object is in freefall?
The object experiences weightlessness, with gravity being the only force acting on it.
What is the effect of increasing the mass of two objects on the gravitational force between them?
Increasing either mass increases the gravitational force proportionally.
What is the effect of increasing the distance between two objects on the gravitational force between them?
Increasing the distance decreases the gravitational force by the square of the distance.
What is the effect of upward acceleration on apparent weight?
Increased apparent weight.
What is the effect of downward acceleration on apparent weight?
Decreased apparent weight.
What is the effect of being in free fall?
Weightlessness.
What is the effect of an object having more inertial mass?
The object is harder to accelerate.
What is the effect of an object having more gravitational mass?
The object exerts a stronger gravitational pull.