What is the effect of damage to the hippocampus on memory?
Can lead to anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new long-term memories.
How does aging affect memory?
Can lead to a decline in working memory and episodic memory.
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on memory?
Impairs memory consolidation and recall.
How does stress affect memory?
Can enhance memory for emotional events but impair memory for neutral information.
What is the effect of rehearsal on memory?
Increases the likelihood of transferring information from STM to LTM.
How does context affect memory retrieval?
Similar contexts during encoding and retrieval can improve recall.
What is the impact of traumatic events on memory?
Can lead to vivid and persistent memories, or, in some cases, repressed memories.
How does language development affect infantile amnesia?
The lack of language skills in early childhood contributes to the inability to recall early memories.
What is the effect of distractions on working memory?
Reduces the capacity and efficiency of working memory.
How does elaborative rehearsal affect long-term memory?
It significantly improves the encoding and retention of information in long-term memory.
Explain Miller's Magic Number.
Short-term memory capacity is about 7 ± 2 items.
What is the Self-Reference Effect?
Information related to oneself is better remembered.
How do emotions affect memory?
Strong emotions can enhance memory by activating the amygdala, increasing attention and arousal.
What is the role of the Central Executive in working memory?
Controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the Phonological Loop?
Stores and rehearses verbal information in working memory.
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
Holds and manipulates visual and spatial information in working memory.
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal repeats information; elaborative rehearsal connects new information to existing knowledge.
What is chunking?
Breaking down large pieces of information into smaller, manageable units.
What are mnemonic devices?
Techniques using acronyms, rhymes, or imagery to make information memorable.
What is the impact of Alzheimer's Disease on memory?
Progressive disorder that affects memory and cognitive function, starting with episodic memory loss.
What is Infantile Amnesia?
The inability to recall memories from early childhood (usually before age 3-4).
Compare Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia is the loss of past memories; anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories.
Compare Semantic and Episodic Memory.
Semantic memory is for facts; episodic memory is for personal experiences.
Compare Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory.
Declarative memory involves conscious recall; nondeclarative memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.
Compare Maintenance and Elaborative Rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition; elaborative rehearsal involves connecting to existing knowledge.
Compare Short-Term Memory and Working Memory.
STM is primarily storage; working memory involves active manipulation of information.
Compare Iconic and Echoic Memory.
Iconic memory is visual; echoic memory is auditory.
Compare Priming and Procedural Memory.
Priming is influenced by previous exposure; procedural memory involves skills and habits.
Compare the roles of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
The phonological loop handles verbal information, while the visuospatial sketchpad handles visual and spatial information.
Compare the symptoms of early and late-stage Alzheimer's disease.
Early-stage primarily involves episodic memory loss; late-stage involves language, problem-solving, and daily functioning difficulties.
Compare the effectiveness of chunking and mnemonic devices.
Chunking organizes information into manageable units, while mnemonic devices use associations to aid recall; both enhance memory, but chunking is better for structure and mnemonics for recall.
