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What is the effect of deception on participants in psychological research?
Deception can lead to stress, anxiety, and a loss of trust if not handled properly with thorough debriefing.
What is the cause of the establishment of IRBs?
Historical unethical research practices, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Milgram experiment, led to the creation of IRBs.
What is the effect of violating ethical guidelines in research?
It can lead to psychological harm to participants, damage the reputation of researchers, and undermine public trust in science.
What is the cause of psychological harm in the Milgram experiment?
The belief that participants were administering painful electric shocks to others caused significant emotional distress.
What is the effect of informed consent on research participation?
It ensures that participants are aware of the risks and benefits, allowing them to make an autonomous decision to participate.
What is the cause of the long-term harm in Harlow's monkey experiment?
Separation from their mothers and lack of adequate social and emotional support caused long-term psychological damage to the monkeys.
What is the effect of coercion on research validity?
Coerced participation can lead to biased results as participants may not provide honest or accurate responses.
What is the cause of increased scrutiny of animal research?
Public awareness of unethical treatment of animals in research, such as in Harlow's experiments, has led to increased scrutiny.
What is the effect of debriefing on participants who experienced deception?
Debriefing helps to alleviate any negative effects of deception, restore trust, and educate participants about the study's true purpose.
What is the cause of the APA establishing ethical guidelines?
The need to protect the rights and well-being of participants in psychological research.
How does informed consent apply in a study on test anxiety?
Participants must be told about the potential stress and anxiety they might experience during the study before they agree to participate.
How does debriefing apply in a study using deception?
After the study, participants are informed of the true purpose, any deception used, and given resources to address any potential distress.
How does protection from harm apply in a study on traumatic memories?
Researchers must take steps to minimize emotional distress and provide support to participants recalling traumatic events.
How do anonymity and confidentiality apply in a survey about sensitive topics?
Responses are collected without identifying information, and data is stored securely to prevent unauthorized access.
How does the principle of no coercion apply when recruiting college students for a study?
Participation must be voluntary, and students should not feel pressured by extra credit or other incentives.
How does the IRB ensure ethical research practices?
By reviewing research proposals, assessing potential risks and benefits, and requiring modifications to protect participants.
How does the IACUC ensure ethical treatment of animals in research?
By reviewing research protocols, monitoring animal care, and ensuring compliance with ethical guidelines.
How does the Milgram experiment highlight the importance of ethical guidelines?
It demonstrated the potential for psychological harm when participants are deceived and pressured to obey authority.
How does Harlow's monkey experiment highlight the importance of ethical guidelines?
It showed the potential for animal cruelty and long-term psychological harm when ethical considerations are not prioritized.
How can ethical guidelines be applied to online research?
Ensuring informed consent through clear online consent forms, protecting data privacy, and providing debriefing via online platforms.
Define Informed Consent.
Participants willingly agree to participate after being fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks.
What is Debriefing?
Revealing the true nature of a study and its purpose to participants as soon as possible after the experiment, especially if deception was used.
Define Anonymity in research.
Participants' data and identities are kept private; no one can link responses back to them.
What is Confidentiality in research?
Maintaining the privacy of participants' data and ensuring it is not disclosed without their permission.
Define Coercion in the context of research.
Pressuring or forcing participants to participate in a study; ethically unacceptable.
What is the role of the IRB?
The Institutional Review Board reviews research involving human participants to ensure it's ethical.
What is the role of the IACUC?
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee reviews research involving animal subjects to ensure humane treatment and ethical practices.
Define Deception in psychological research.
Withholding information or misleading participants about the study to avoid bias, only allowed under specific conditions.
What does 'Protection from Harm' mean in research ethics?
Researchers must minimize any potential physical or psychological harm to participants.
Define Ethical Guidelines.
Principles set by organizations like the APA to ensure research is conducted responsibly and protects participants' well-being.