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What is Sensation?
Awareness of the world through your five senses; the raw data.
What is Perception?
Interpreting sensory data to make sense of the environment.
What is a Perceptual Set?
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
What are Schemas?
Concepts that organize information from our experiences; mental frameworks.
What is Selective Attention?
Focusing on one particular stimulus while ignoring others.
What is Inattentional Blindness?
Failing to notice visible objects when your attention is focused elsewhere.
What is Change Blindness?
Failing to notice significant changes in our environment.
What is Depth Perception?
The ability to judge the distance of objects.
What are Monocular Cues?
Cues for depth perception available with only one eye.
What are Binocular Cues?
Cues for depth perception that require both eyes.
What is Retinal Disparity?
The difference between the images seen by each eye; a binocular cue for depth.
What is Perceptual Constancy?
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as they move or change angles.
What is the Stroboscopic Effect?
Creating the illusion of movement by showing still images in rapid succession.
What is the Phi Phenomenon?
Perceiving a series of lights turning on and off as one moving light.
What is the Autokinetic Effect?
When staring at a fixed point of light, it may appear to move.
How does understanding perceptual set help in advertising?
Advertisers can use expectations to influence how consumers perceive their products.
How is change blindness relevant to eyewitness testimony?
Eyewitnesses may not notice crucial changes in a scene, affecting the accuracy of their testimony.
How is depth perception used in art?
Artists use monocular cues like linear perspective and relative size to create a sense of depth on a flat canvas.
How does cultural background affect perception?
People from different cultures may interpret visual cues differently, such as the Muller-Lyer illusion.
How is selective attention important for driving?
Drivers need to focus on relevant stimuli (e.g., other cars, pedestrians) and ignore distractions to drive safely.
Provide an example of how schemas influence social interactions.
Stereotypes (a type of schema) can lead to biased judgments and expectations about individuals based on their group membership.
Explain the Cocktail Party Effect.
Being able to focus on one voice in a noisy environment, an example of selective attention.
Describe the influence of expectations on perception.
Perception is heavily influenced by what we expect, the context, our emotions, and motivations.
What is Size Constancy?
We perceive objects as the same size, even as they move closer or further away.
What is Shape Constancy?
We perceive objects as having the same shape, even when viewed from different angles.
What is Brightness Constancy?
We perceive objects as having the same brightness, even when lighting conditions change.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Closure.
We fill in gaps to perceive complete patterns.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Similarity.
We group similar objects together.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Continuity.
We perceive continuous patterns rather than broken ones.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Proximity.
We group close objects together.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Good Figure.
We tend to see grouped objects as one whole object.
Describe the Gestalt Principle of Symmetry.
We perceive objects as symmetrical if they are formed around a center.