What is the effect of retinal disparity on depth perception?
Greater retinal disparity leads to the perception of objects being closer.
How does damage to visual cortex affect perception?
Can cause inability to perceive motion, depth, or recognize objects.
What is the effect of stroboscopic movement on our perception?
It creates the illusion of continuous motion from a series of still images.
How does context affect perceptual constancy?
Context can influence how we perceive an object's size, shape, or color, even if the actual stimulus remains the same.
How do changes in illumination affect color perception, and how does color constancy counteract this?
Changes in illumination can alter the wavelengths of light reflected by an object, potentially changing its perceived color. Color constancy allows us to perceive familiar objects as having consistent color despite these changes.
How do artists use linear perspective?
To create a sense of depth in paintings by making parallel lines converge.
How is the Phi phenomenon used in advertising?
To create the illusion of movement with blinking lights to attract attention.
Give an example of perceptual adaptation.
Getting used to wearing new glasses that initially distort your vision.
How do magicians use Gestalt principles?
To manipulate our perception by creating illusions that exploit how we group and organize visual information.
How does retinal disparity help us in everyday life?
It allows us to accurately judge distances, like when reaching for a cup or catching a ball.
How does brightness constancy help us?
It allows us to identify objects regardless of lighting conditions.
Define sensation.
Bottom-up processing; detecting stimuli.
Define perception.
Top-down processing; interpreting stimuli.
Define Gestalt.
An organized whole; our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Define figure-ground.
The organization of visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
Define depth perception.
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
Define monocular cues.
Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
Define binocular cues.
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.
Define retinal disparity.
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
Define stroboscopic movement.
The brain's perception of continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images.
Define Phi phenomenon.
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
Define perceptual constancy.
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
Define perceptual adaptation.
In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
