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How can the spacing effect be used to improve exam scores?
By spreading out study sessions over time rather than cramming.
How can the testing effect be used to improve exam scores?
By actively recalling information through flashcards and practice questions.
How can context-dependent memory be used to improve test performance?
Studying in an environment similar to the testing environment can improve recall.
How can mood-congruent memory affect your recollections?
If you're sad, you're more likely to recall sad memories.
Give an example of priming.
Hearing the word 'yellow' might make you think of a banana.
How can the method of loci be used to remember a speech?
Associate each point of the speech with a location in a familiar place.
Explain the recency effect.
Remembering the last items on a list due to short-term memory.
Explain the primacy effect.
Remembering the first items on a list due to rehearsal and long-term storage.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
When you can't quite recall information, even though you feel like you know it.
How does semantic network theory explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
Memories are interconnected by meaning; activating related memories gets you closer to the target.
Describe the recovered memory phenomenon.
People suddenly remember repressed events, which can sometimes be false.
How does the environment affect memory recall?
Similar environments during encoding and retrieval enhance recall (context-dependent memory).
How does internal state affect memory recall?
Your internal state (e.g., being drunk or sober) can affect your ability to recall memories (state-dependent memory).
How does mood affect memory recall?
Current mood can act as a retrieval cue, making you more likely to recall memories that match your mood (mood-congruent memory).
What is the effect of suggestion on memory?
Suggestion can alter or create false memories (constructive memory).
What is the effect of spacing out study sessions?
Improved long-term retention compared to cramming (spacing effect).
What is the effect of actively testing yourself on learned material?
Enhanced memory and retention compared to passively rereading notes (testing effect).