What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Describe the progression of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.
Individuals move from self-centered concerns (preconventional) to social norms (conventional) to universal ethical principles (postconventional).
What are the key steps in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others, considering relationships, and avoiding harm.
What is the first stage of moral development?
Preconventional morality.
What is the second stage of moral development?
Conventional morality.
What is the third stage of moral development?
Postconventional morality.
What is the focus of the first stage of moral development?
Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
What is the focus of the second stage of moral development?
Gaining approval and maintaining social order.
What is the focus of the third stage of moral development?
Personal ethical principles and human rights.
What is the first step in moral decision-making according to Gilligan?
Recognizing the needs of others.
Compare Kohlberg's and Gilligan's views on gender and morality.
Kohlberg did not initially focus on gender differences, while Gilligan argued that his theory was biased towards a male perspective.
Compare preconventional and postconventional morality.
Preconventional morality is self-centered, while postconventional morality is based on universal ethical principles.
Compare justice-based and care-based morality.
Justice-based morality emphasizes fairness and equality, while care-based morality emphasizes relationships and avoiding harm.
Compare the focus of Kohlberg and Gilligan's theories.
Kohlberg focused on the cognitive process of moral reasoning, while Gilligan focused on the emotional aspects of moral decision-making.
Compare individualistic and collectivistic cultures in the context of moral development.
Individualistic cultures tend to promote postconventional morality, while collectivistic cultures emphasize conventional morality.
Compare the role of rules in conventional and postconventional morality.
In conventional morality, rules are followed to maintain social order, while in postconventional morality, rules are evaluated based on ethical principles.
Compare the influence of rewards and punishments in preconventional and conventional morality.
In preconventional morality, rewards and punishments are the primary motivators, while in conventional morality, social approval is more important.
Compare the emphasis on individual rights in conventional and postconventional morality.
Conventional morality focuses on maintaining social order, while postconventional morality emphasizes protecting individual rights and justice.
Compare the role of empathy in justice-based and care-based morality.
Empathy is central to care-based morality, while justice-based morality emphasizes fairness and equality, which may not always involve empathy.
Compare the long-term goals of conventional and postconventional morality.
Conventional morality aims to maintain social stability, while postconventional morality seeks to promote justice and human rights.
Give an example of preconventional reasoning in a child.
A child shares toys to avoid getting in trouble with their parents.
Give an example of conventional reasoning in an adolescent.
An adolescent follows school rules to be seen as a good student.
Give an example of postconventional reasoning in an adult.
An adult protests against a law they believe is unjust, even if it means facing consequences.
How can Gilligan's theory be applied to conflict resolution?
By emphasizing the importance of understanding the needs and relationships of all parties involved.
How does Kohlberg's theory apply to the legal system?
The legal system aims to uphold justice and protect individual rights, reflecting postconventional principles.
How can understanding moral development help in parenting?
Parents can tailor their discipline and guidance to match their child's stage of moral reasoning.
How might a teacher use Kohlberg's dilemmas in the classroom?
To stimulate discussions about ethical issues and encourage students to develop their moral reasoning skills.
How can care-based morality be seen in healthcare?
Healthcare professionals prioritize patient well-being and avoiding harm, reflecting care-based principles.
How might moral development influence political views?
Individuals with postconventional reasoning may advocate for policies that protect human rights and promote social justice.
How can understanding Gilligan's theory help in understanding gender differences in communication?
Recognizing that women may prioritize relationships and avoiding harm can improve communication and understanding in interpersonal interactions.
