What is Random Sampling?
A method ensuring every population member has an equal chance of selection.
What is Random Assignment?
Assigning participants to experimental groups by chance to ensure similarity.
What is Bias in statistics?
Systematic favoring of certain outcomes in data collection, leading to untrustworthy conclusions.
Define Convenience Sampling.
Selecting individuals for a sample based on ease of access.
Define Voluntary Response Bias.
Bias arising when people choose to respond to a survey, often skewing results.
Explain the importance of Randomness in data collection.
It helps create a sample that truly represents the population, reducing bias and increasing reliability.
Explain how Manipulated Axes can mislead in graphs.
Changing the scale or starting point can exaggerate small differences, distorting the true picture.
Explain the problem with using Counts instead of Percentages.
Raw counts can be misleading if sample sizes differ; percentages provide a more accurate comparison.
Explain how Omitted Variable Bias affects study results.
Important variables left out of the study can distort the apparent relationship between variables of interest.
Explain the concept of Self-Selection Bias.
Occurs when participants volunteer for a study, leading to a sample that is not representative of the population.
What are the differences between Random Sampling and Random Assignment?
Random Sampling: About who is in your study | Random Assignment: About which group they're in.
What are the differences between Stratified Sampling and Cluster Sampling?
Stratified Sampling: Divides population into subgroups and samples from each | Cluster Sampling: Divides population into clusters and samples entire clusters.
What are the differences between Single-blind study and Double-blind study?
Single-blind study: Participants do not know which treatment they are receiving | Double-blind study: Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment.
What are the differences between Convenience Sampling and Random Sampling?
Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals who are easy to reach, often biased | Random Sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, representative.
What are the differences between Voluntary Response Bias and Nonresponse Bias?
Voluntary Response Bias: People choose to respond, often with strong opinions | Nonresponse Bias: Individuals chosen for the sample do not respond, leading to missing data.
