Significance of *McCulloch v. Maryland*?
Upheld implied powers of Congress and the supremacy of the federal government.
Significance of *United States v. Lopez*?
Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause; affirmed state sovereignty.
Significance of *Engel v. Vitale*?
School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause.
Significance of *Wisconsin v. Yoder*?
Upheld religious freedom (Free Exercise Clause) over mandatory education.
Significance of *Tinker v. Des Moines*?
Students have free speech rights at school if not disruptive.
Significance of *New York Times Co. v. United States*?
Established a 'heavy presumption against prior restraint' even for national security.
Significance of *Schenck v. United States*?
Speech creating a 'clear and present danger' is not protected.
Significance of *Gideon v. Wainwright*?
Right to counsel applies to state felony cases through the 14th Amendment.
Significance of *McDonald v. Chicago*?
The Second Amendment right to bear arms applies to the states.
Significance of *Brown v. Board of Education*?
'Separate but equal' is unconstitutional; segregation in schools violates Equal Protection Clause.
Main idea of the Necessary and Proper Clause?
Grants Congress implied powers to enact laws 'necessary and proper' to execute its enumerated powers.
Main idea of the Commerce Clause?
Gives Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce.
Main idea of the First Amendment?
Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Main idea of the Sixth Amendment?
Guarantees the right to counsel in criminal prosecutions.
Main idea of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Guarantees equal protection and due process under the law; used for selective incorporation.
Main idea of the Second Amendment?
Guarantees the right to bear arms.
Cause and effect of school-sponsored prayer?
Cause: Voluntary prayer in NY schools. Effect: Declared unconstitutional due to Establishment Clause (Engel v. Vitale).
Cause and effect of the Gun-Free School Zones Act?
Cause: Congress passed Gun-Free School Zones Act. Effect: Limited by *US v. Lopez*, reaffirming state power.
Cause and effect of segregation in public schools?
Cause: State segregation laws. Effect: Declared unconstitutional by *Brown v. Board*, violating Equal Protection Clause.
Cause and effect of students wearing armbands?
Cause: Students protesting Vietnam War with armbands. Effect: Upheld students' free speech rights (*Tinker v. Des Moines*).
Cause and effect of the Espionage Act?
Cause: Charles Schenck urged people to resist the WWI draft. Effect: Limited free speech during wartime (*Schenck v. United States*).
