Define Due Process Clause.
Part of the 14th Amendment ensuring fair legal procedures.
Define Selective Incorporation.
Applying the Bill of Rights to states through the 14th Amendment.
Define Bill of Rights.
First ten amendments, protecting individual liberties.
Define Fourteenth Amendment.
Ensures equal protection and due process under the law.
Define Supreme Court.
Highest court, interprets the Constitution.
Define Fundamental Rights.
Essential rights like free speech and religion.
Define Incorporation.
Applying the Bill of Rights to the states.
Define Exclusionary Rule.
Illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in court.
What is judicial review?
The power of the Supreme Court to decide if a law is constitutional.
What does 'incorporated' mean in this context?
When a right is applied to the states through the 14th Amendment.
Cause and effect of *McDonald v. Chicago*?
Cause: Chicago's strict gun control laws. Effect: States must respect the right to bear arms.
Cause and effect of *Mapp v. Ohio*?
Cause: Illegally seized evidence. Effect: Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state trials.
Cause and effect of selective incorporation?
Cause: Supreme Court decisions. Effect: Bill of Rights applies to states, protecting individual rights.
Cause and effect of the Due Process Clause?
Cause: 14th Amendment. Effect: Ensures fair legal procedures and protects individual rights against state intrusion.
Cause and effect of *Gitlow v. New York*?
Cause: State action limiting speech. Effect: Free speech protected from state action via 14th Amendment.
Cause and effect of *Duncan v. Louisiana*?
Cause: Denial of jury trial. Effect: 6th Amendment right to jury trial incorporated to states.
Cause and effect of illegally obtained evidence?
Cause: Unreasonable search and seizure. Effect: Exclusionary Rule prevents its use in state trials.
Cause and effect of the Bill of Rights?
Cause: Desire to protect individual liberties. Effect: Limits on government power at both federal and state levels.
Cause and effect of a state violating fundamental rights?
Cause: State law or action. Effect: Supreme Court scrutiny and potential incorporation of the right.
Cause and effect of *Palko v. Connecticut*?
Cause: Question of which rights are fundamental. Effect: Initial establishment of the principle of fundamental rights.
Significance of *McDonald v. Chicago*?
Incorporated the 2nd Amendment, applying the right to bear arms to states.
Significance of *Mapp v. Ohio*?
Incorporated the 4th Amendment, preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in state trials.
Significance of *Gitlow v. New York*?
First case using the 14th Amendment to protect free speech and press from state action.
Significance of *Palko v. Connecticut*?
Established that some rights are fundamental and should be incorporated (though specifics changed later).
Significance of *Duncan v. Louisiana*?
Incorporated the 6th Amendment right to a jury trial in state criminal cases.
What was the issue in *McDonald v. Chicago*?
Chicago had strict gun control laws which were challenged.
What was the ruling in *Mapp v. Ohio*?
Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state trials.
What right did *Gitlow v. New York* initially protect?
Free speech and freedom of the press.
What did *Palko v. Connecticut* establish regarding rights?
Some rights are fundamental and should be incorporated.
What right was incorporated in *Duncan v. Louisiana*?
The 6th Amendment right to a jury trial.
