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What was the significance of Columbus's voyage in 1492?
It led to European awareness of the 'New World' and initiated a wave of exploration.
What was the impact of the conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires?
It brought massive wealth to Spain but also resulted in horrific loss of life for Native populations.
What happened at Roanoke?
The first English colony mysteriously disappeared.
What was the significance of the founding of Jamestown in 1607?
It became England's first permanent colony in North America, focused on tobacco production.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
Divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal.
What was the significance of founding St. Augustine in 1565?
It was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States.
What was the role of disease in the early contact period?
European diseases like smallpox decimated Native populations, who had no immunity.
What was the primary focus of Jamestown?
Tobacco Production.
What was the impact of the potato on Europe?
The introduction of the potato led to a population boom.
What was the main goal of Spanish conquistadors?
To acquire gold and silver.
Compare the Encomienda system and chattel slavery.
Encomienda: forced labor primarily targeting Native Americans. Chattel slavery: ownership of individuals as property, primarily Africans.
Compare Spanish and English colonization methods.
Spanish: Focused on extracting resources, converting natives, and establishing strict control. English: Initially focused on trade and agriculture, with more autonomy for colonists.
Compare the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Europe and the Americas.
Europe: Population growth due to new crops, economic expansion. Americas: Disease, social disruption, and introduction of new species.
Compare the motivations for Spanish and English exploration.
Spanish: Primarily driven by gold, glory, and spreading Catholicism. English: Driven by economic opportunities, religious freedom (for some), and establishing colonies.
Compare the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans in the Spanish and English colonies.
Spanish: Focused on converting and controlling Native populations through the Encomienda system. English: Initially cooperative for trade, but often led to conflict over land and resources.
Compare the goals of de las Casas and Sepulveda.
de las Casas: To advocate for the rights and humane treatment of Native Americans. Sepulveda: To justify the Encomienda system and Spanish dominance.
Compare the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism.
Feudalism: Based on land ownership and hierarchical social structure. Capitalism: Based on private ownership, free markets, and profit motive.
Compare the social structures of the Aztec and Inca empires.
Aztec: Hierarchical society with a strong military and religious elite. Inca: Highly centralized empire with a complex system of roads and administration.
Compare the initial goals of the Roanoke and Jamestown colonies.
Roanoke: To establish a permanent English settlement in North America. Jamestown: To generate profit for the Virginia Company through resource extraction.
Compare the roles of horses and potatoes in the Columbian Exchange.
Horses: Transformed the environment and economies of the Americas. Potatoes: Led to a population boom in Europe.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (Americas).
What is the Encomienda System?
A Spanish labor system that forced Native Americans into labor for mining and farming.
What are joint-stock companies?
Companies formed by England and the Dutch to fund colonies and find riches.
What is the Black Legend?
Term describing harsh Spanish practices on Natives.
What is Maize?
Corn.
What is meant by 'conquistadors'?
Spanish conquerors, such as Pizarro and Cortés, who sought gold and silver in the Americas.
Define 'Treaty of Tordesillas'.
An agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide newly discovered lands outside of Europe.
What is chattel slavery?
Ownership of individuals as property, primarily Africans.
What is the significance of the 'three Gs'?
God, Gold, and Glory - the primary motivations for European exploration.
What is a caravel?
A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.